Thursday, October 31, 2019

In the novel Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels, how does the second Essay

In the novel Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels, how does the second part of the novel comment and reflect on the themes and events of the first part - Essay Example Ben’s life mirrors Jakob’s in some respects. Death is the predominant theme of the novel. At the very onset, the reader is informed of Jakob’s untimely demise in a car-accident. The events unfolded in the subsequent pages are therefore viewed through the eyes of a dead man. Thus the spectre of death looms large over the narrative. Jakob was the aural witness to the savage murder of his parents and the abduction of his beloved sister Bella. From that moment on he is haunted by the constant presence of his sister in his life. He is tormented by his abject ignorance of her fate. He reiterates his belief that the dead wield a permanent influence over the living, â€Å"It’s no metaphor to feel the influence of the dead in the world.†(Michaels, 53) Death makes its presence felt in Ben’s narrative as well. He is a child of the second generation but nevertheless he is a victim of the holocaust. His parents are living reminders of the horrors of the past and their very home is permeated with the remnants of the evil of those dark times. His situation is outlined in Jakob’s description of the mass graves in the first part, â€Å"When the prisoners were forced to dig up the mass graves, the dead entered them through their pores and were carried through their bloodstreams to their brains and heart. And through their blood into another generation.†(52) The role of history and memory in the lives of the protagonists constitutes another theme of the novel and is reiterated in the second part echoing its occurrence in the first part. Jakob and Ben are trapped in their traumatic pasts and there is no hope for fulfilment in their present lives and possibly the future as well. Jakob is repelled by history and its clinical detachment in the face of atrocity and immorality and prefers to seek recourse in the intimate confines of memory. â€Å"History is amoral: events

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Fraud- Satyam Computers Limited, India Research Paper - 1

Fraud- Satyam Computers Limited, India - Research Paper Example From being the fourth largest IT Company, with high profile, the outsourcing company has been embroiled for having the biggest scam in history. Formed in 1987 by Ramalinga Raju, the company grew and become a ‘rising star’ in Indian ‘outsourced’ computer service industry. With the rising importance of IT in the market, the company realized an estimated compound growth rate of 6.4% by 2007. The company attracted a lot of investors and it grew significantly. Raju, the managing director, attracted up to 300 customers worldwide and 13, 120 technical associates. A year later, the company had shown a compound growth rate of 35% and earnings per share rose from $0.12 to $0.622. On the other hand, Satyam’s stock tripled to 300%. The company further generated a significant growth as well as increased shareholder value. In 2009, Raju, through a letter to the company, disclosed that he had been manipulating the accounting numbers of the company for several years. He further claimed that he had overstated the assets on the company’s balance sheet by $1.47 billion and to make the matters worse, almost $1.04 billion cash and bank loans claimed by the company was not-existent3. The company had underreported all the liabilities on the balance sheet and overestimated the income for several years so as to meet the expectation of the analyst. For instance, the results showed 97% profits and 75% revenue increase. The director and the firm’s global head of the internal audit used various schemes to perpetuate the fraud. Raju used his personal computer to develop several bank statements and falsified the accounts so as to inflate the non-existent balance sheets. In fact, he inflated income statements by making interest claims using fake bank accounts. As the scam revealed further, it was evident that Raju had created over 6000 counterfeit salary accounts and directed the money there anytime the company make deposits.  

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Root Causes of Accidents on Construction

Root Causes of Accidents on Construction The construction industry is one of the biggest industries in the whole world. The contribution of this industry towards the global GDP is enormous. The construction industry is also a potential employment generator and employs large number of skilled and unskilled labors. In UK the construction industry employs more than 2.1 million people and accounts for around 9% of the total employment within UK (Howarth and Watson., 2009). Since the industry employs large number, it also has a significant impact on the health and safety of the people working in it. The process of construction involves various activities such as working at heights, working in confined spaces, manual handling, lifting operations, demolition works and ground works. These all activities involve risks and are very hazardous in nature, so the chances of accidents taking place on construction sites are high. Now in order to reduce the level of risk it is very important to implement proper safety management systems on construction sites. The UK construction industry is successful in many respects. The construction industry in UK has shown a steady improvement in the safety performance after the Egan Report (1998) but still faces numerous challenges with regard to safety on its journey to improve its performance record whilst delivering increased volume and complex construction projects (Howarth and Watson., 2009). According to HSE statistics, more than 200 people are killed at work in United Kingdom every year excluding work related road accidents. In 2006, 30 million working days was lost in UK to occupational ill health and injury which imposed an annual cost of  £30 billion i.e. more than 3% of GDP. As per Lingard and Rowlinson (2005), the construction industry consists of several SMEs and small amount of large firms. These small and medium size firms lack knowledge and resources required to implement safety management activities so the issues related to health and safety are more in small and medium size firms. Eakins (1992)stated that international research confirms that the issues related to health and safety are more in SMEs as compared to larger firms and also smaller firms are poor in implementation of safety programmes. Therefore smaller firms have higher injury frequency rates as compared to larger firms. The Company- Millennium Contractors Ltd. Millennium Contractors Ltd. is a small and medium size firm which has been working in the UK construction industry for the last 25 years. The company has a much diversified work force, employees from different cultural background and of different age group works in the company. Diversity in construction organizations in terms of culture and ethnicity has many advantages but at the same time there are many disadvantages related to it. In the condition of uncertainty and complexity diversity does not fare well which may lead to confusion and frustration. In a multicultural organization it is very hard to arrive at an agreement on a particular course of action, and can result in negative dynamics and cultural clashes. The other main disadvantage of multicultural organization is the lack of coordination and communication between the workers which can be a contributing cause of an accident. Apart from this the company is committed to prevention of injuries and ill health at work place but has failed in promoting an incident injury free culture. The recent record of the company related to health and safety has not been very good. There have been many accidents which included one fatal accident resulting from the fall from height and other major/minor injuries and also some incidents of dangerous occurrences. The main areas of concern for the company have been; manual handling; hit by falling objects; hit by moving vehicles; collapse of temporary structures and scaffoldings. The company was also served with a prohibition notice because of a fatal injury caused by falling from mobile elevated working platform. The companys policy towards health and safety is also not up to mark. The management has been irresponsible in implementing the policies in an organized manner, which has contributed to the main cause of accident. According to Baxendale and Jones as cited in (Kashyap et al., 2005), the majority of the accidents are not caused by the carelessness of the worker but by the negligence or by the failure to control by the management. Moreover the management should be able to judge the capabilities of the employee before allocating the job and the employees in response should be capable of doing the allocated work. Hence with an involved and committed staff a positive health and safety culture can be maintained. According to Cooper (1998), the impact of organizational safety culture not only affects the accident rates but has significant impact on work methods, absenteeism, quality, commitment, loyalty and satisfaction. According to HSE the positive health and safety culture can only be ach ieved through 4Cs; competence- recruitment, training and advisory support; control- allocating responsibility, commitment, instruction and supervision; co-operation- between individual and group; communication- spoken, written and visible (Clarke, 1999). Issues related to Health and safety in Millennium Contractors Limited As mentioned above, the company has failed to implement structured policy towards health and safety, as a result of which there has been regular incidents of dangerous occurrences. The common issues that the company is facing regularly and the legal action that could be taken against the company are as follows. Manual handling The manual handling regulations (1992) defines manual handling as any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or by bodily force. In effect, any activity that requires an individual to lift, move or support a load is classified as manual handling operations (Stranks, 2006). Manual material handling is one of the most significant risk factors for back problems, whole body vibration, bent and twisted positions (Roy et al., 1999). If proper safety measures are not involved while manual handling of materials, it may lead to injuries and occupational diseases. According to HSE, manual handling injuries are the most common type of occupational ill health in UK. As per Helander (1991), 15% of the back injuries due to manual material handling occur in the construction industry. The main causes of incidents due to manual handling were; The use of poor techniques to move materials. Lack of proper training and guidelines provided to the workers by the management. Lack of communication and co-operation among the workers. The above figure shows the proper method of moving and lifting materials which can be very effective in reducing the injuries caused by manual handling of materials. Legal aspects related to manual handling; Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and regulations 10 and 13 of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 states that it is the duty of employers to provide their employees with health and safety information and training. This should be supplemented as necessary with more specific information and training on manual handling injury risks and prevention, as part of the steps to reduce risk required by regulation 4(1)(b)(ii) of the Regulations (HSE). Hit by Falling Object The other main issue faced by the company is hit by falling objects. The small objects like bricks, hammers, nails and tiles when dropped from the height can cause fatal head injuries and other serious injuries to the worker working below it or any other person passing by it as shown in the figure. The main causes of this type of injury were; Poor standards of housekeeping. Failure of management in providing safety nets at heights. Inadequate project planning which leads to inadequate storage of materials. Lack of proper guidelines provided to the workers working at height. Absence of cautionary sign boards. Legal aspects related to hit from the falling object; Regulation 8(b) part 1 of schedule 3, of the Work at Height Regulation, 2005, states that it is the duty of the employer to prevent, where necessary, injury to any person so far as reasonably practicable and also the employer shall provide enough storage space so as to prevent risk of movement of such material. Fall from height The company has a record of one fatal accident resulting from the fall from height. According to the data of HSE in 2005/06 falls from height accounted for 46 fatal accidents at work and around 3350 major injuries. This was the single biggest cause of workplace deaths and one of the main causes of major injury. The workers working at heights are prone to have fatal injuries such as skull fractures. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to provide proper training and guidance to the workers working at height. The main causes of this type of incident were; Lack of proper training and guidelines provided to worker by the management. Negligence and unsafe action of the worker. Inadequate use of personal protective equipments. Lack of planning and supervision. No barrication provided. Legal aspects related to fall from height; The Work at Height Regulation 2005 applies to all work at height where there is a risk of fall liable to cause personal injury. It place duties on workers, employers, the self-employed, and any person who controls the work of others (eg facilities managers or building owners who may contract others to work at height) to the extent they control the work. Hit by moving vehicle The other issue of the company is workers being hit by moving vehicles. This type of issues is very dangerous in occurrence and can cause fatal injury. The accident involved vehicle like trucks. The main causes of this type of incident were; Inadequate site planning Improper signs and absence of cautionary (speed limit) boards Unsafe conditions of working Legal aspect related to hit by the moving vehicle; Section 2(2)(a) of HSWA 1974 states that it is responsibility of the employer to maintain plant and system at workplace, so far as is reasonably practicable. According to Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation (17), there should efficient segregation of pedestrian from vehicular traffic of incoming and outgoing. Collapse of temporary structures and scaffolding The other main issue of the company related to health and safety was collapse of temporary structures and scaffoldings. The incident took place due to lack of inspection. Incompetence of the inspectors to identify risk and hazard involved. Moreover the employer failed to provide the workers with suitable equipment and provide collective measures along with personal protective measures. Legal Aspect: The Work at Height Regulation 2005, Regulation6(4)(b), 6(5)(a,b), 7, 8, 12 and 13, states that it is necessary for the employer to provide suitable equipment, take account of working condition and rigorous inspection by a competent person. Further according to section 2(2)(a) of HSWA 1974, there should be provision and maintenance of plant and machinery at work. Apart from these issues the company was served with three enforcement notices and one prohibition notice by HSE because of dangerous occurrences at work place. The company failed to implement proper structure of health and safety policy due to inadequate management system. Hence for successful implementation of the policy the company should have proper safety management system. Safety Management aims at minimizing the chances of risks, injuries and accidents by implementing risk management techniques and safety management operations, improving the standard of health of the employees, monitoring the operating systems and bolstering the safety measures of an organization. Management practices and documentation In order to reduce the risks of accidents in the company the company should have proper management practices and associated documentation relating to safety induction procedures, tool-box talks, training requirement, accident record book and method statements. The proper safe management practices involve; Risk assessment: During risk assessment, the hazards or hazardous work is first identified before commencement of any work activity. The rating information is then passed on for preparation of method statement, which must be read and understood by every worker undertaking the activity before the commencement of work. Method statement: It is the document that shows or states how an activity needs to be carried out in a safe manner. The statement is usually prepared by a competent person and passed to the principle contractor and the safety coordinator for its inclusion in sites health and safety plan. Site induction and training: The site induction and training is usually provided to the worker before the start of any work by the employer. The workers are informed about the various precautions that are to be taken while working on sites. The site induction includes brief on welfare facilities, brief on site hazards, brief on how to report onsite injury or accidents and the use of PPEs. Accident record book: The accidents that take place on sites are to be entered in this book. Any reportable accident should be reported under RIDDOR, to the site supervisor immediately. Tool box talks: Toolbox  talks  are safety lectures aimed at the construction trade. The lectures are intended to educate workers about creating and maintaining safer work conditions, and attendance is mandatory with many companies. Many companies provide toolbox  talks  in modular form, so that a safety educator has a  curriculum  readily available. The Millennium Contractors Ltd do not have organized structure of management and have failed in implementing the health and safety polices due to which the company is unable to follow safe management practices. Overcoming the Barriers The potential barriers that the company needs to overcome to aim for zero accident policy on sites are as follows; Cultural and language barrier: The company has mixed workforce, workers from different cultural background works in the company now because of ethnic diversity the management might find it difficult to convey all the messages efficiently, resulting in difference in understanding of instructions which may cause problems regarding safety on sites. Fear of change: New ways and methods of working may create confusion and sense of uncomforting amongst workers, leading them to traditional ways of working which can cause some problems related to safety. Therefore in order to overcome this barrier the company should motivate the workers and should train them properly. Difference in education level: Different workers might have studied till different levels in education. It may affect their ability to understand instructions clearly. Conclusion Although the company has vast experience it had failed in implementing the safety policies which are very essential for reducing the risks of accidents. The company has inadequate safety management system which has resulted in several major and minor incidents. An effective safety management system will be most effective if a safety culture permeates the organization and this can only be achieved through communicating leadership, personalizing safety outcomes, engaging individuals in safety responsibilities, improving understanding of safety system and increasing hazard/risk awareness and preventive behaviors. In order to improve the safety management system the Millennium Contractors Ltd must follow these steps which would indirectly help them in reducing the accidents.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Role of Women in Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit Essay -- Oranges Are N

Role of Women in Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit  Ã‚   In the novel Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit, by Jeanette Winterson, most of the important, decision-making, characters are female. Jeanette, the female protagonist, is greatly influenced by her mother, a strong, overbearing, eccentric woman, and by Elsie, a prominent member of the family parish who becomes Jeanette's only friend and closest confidant. Elsie and Jeanette's mother act as polar forces in Jeanette's life, with the mother encouraging suppression of "unholy" or "unnatural" feelings and thoughts, and Elsie encouraging expression of feelings and accepting oneself for who one really is. Jeanette's mother, referred to by name only once in the novel, is probably the second most important character in the book, outdone only by the protagonist herself. She acts not as a role model, but as an example of what not to become, of a lifestyle to reject. Throughout the book, Mother encourages suppression of feelings she defines as unholy by way of personal example and by her attempted repression of Jeanette's homosexuality. An...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Face Negotiation Theory Essay

The Face Negotiation Theory is established by Stella Ting-Toomey, which discusses the way by which people with different cultures communicate and manage conflict. In 1985, Stella Ting Toomey explains in her theory that disagreements and conflicts are usually brought about by identity management on the individualistic and collectivistic levels. The different facets that characterizes the identity of an individual or group is referred to as â€Å"faces†. Faces serves as the public image of an individual or group, which the society as a whole assessed depending upon the cultural norms and values of the people’s respective culture. According to Ting-Toomey, the distinction between individualistic and collectivists cultures is seen on how the former gives more importance to the face of the individual while the latter gives more attention to the welfare of the group (Gudykunst, 2005). The major tenets of the Face Negotiation Theory are greatly applicable with my life, especially since I interact with people that have different cultural background. I have friends who do not share the same culture that I have and sometimes this is the cause of misunderstandings between us because cultural differences also affect the values and principles that we have in life. However, I realized that in order to get along with my friends I need to understand and accept our differences and in doing so, I need to properly communicate with them in a way that shows my respect to their values and beliefs, which is actually one of the important things that is explained in the theory. In relation to this, I also learn that the theory can actually help me to enhance my communication process in the future wherein I could try having a more collectivistic face, which will allow me to give more importance to the welfare of the group rather than my individual interests. Moreover, I realized that the relevance of the Face Negotiation Theory has become more vital than ever because our society is becoming more interconnected with each other, especially with the greater interaction of different people all over the world. Reference Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. California: SAGE.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Apple vs Samsung Patent Battle a Threat to Innovation

APPLE VS SAMSUNG PATENT BATTLE A THREAT TO INNOVATION Rather than innovate and develop its own technology and a unique Samsung style for its Smartphone product and computer tablets, Samsung choose to copy Apple's technology user interface and innovation style in these infringing products. Apple had accused Samsung of copying its intellectual property, including its very broad design patents for rectangular â€Å"electronic devices. And Apple wants to use those patents to stop its competitor from selling items like the new (rectangular) Galaxy tablet and (rectangular) Android-based Smartphone's.On Aug. 24, a San Jose jury awarded Apple Inc. a whopping $1. 05 billion in damages. Apple-Samsung jury: Verdict †¢The nine-person jury in the trial between the two tech-giants faces a wildly complex form to determine the winner. †¢SAN JOSE, Calif. — There is little doubt that the trial between Apple and Samsung taking place here is complex, and perhaps nowhere is that clearer than in the form that jurors will have to fill out on their way to reaching a verdict later this week. The document, which both sides have yet to agree on, is still in its draft stage. In Samsung's case, it's 33 questions long, and stretched across 17 pages. For Apple, it's 23 questions spread over nine pages. †¢Both forms ask jurors to check off which products infringe on specific patent claims, an exercise that includes going through charts that sometimes span several pages. On Apple's form there are some 225 checkboxes regarding patent infringement. The other parts of the verdict form ask slightly more nebulous questions, like whether claims within the patents from both sides are valid, and the all-important dollar amount that one side or the other is owed as a result of any infringements. †¢On the bright side, certain patent features are greyed out since not all products carry the identical feature set. That could be a welcome sight for the nine-person jury, who must reach a unanimous decision. Result †¢The jury award shows the growing importance of design for electronic makers. California jury awarded Apple $1. 05 billion in a patent dispute with Samsung. †¢The share price of Samsung electronics dropped nearly 7. 5 %in trading THREAT TO INNOVATION †¢Industry has used copyright as a means of preventing innovation. Copyright was a deliberate weapon to stop innovation, and thus maintain the status quo. The patent system is being used similarly †¢Whether the patent system prevents people like them from entering the market with their inventions is unknown. They are more than likely to continue working because they are optimists chasing a dream of seeing their invention realised; of being rich, or just creating something that serves a purpose. †¢The barriers to them achieving their goals for themselves and how they are shared to all must be removed. That means renovating the current system to enhance the opportunities for inn ovation. †¢It will require legislators with the will to change the rules and protocols in the face of opposition from vested interests. It is possible, but the motive may not originate from a wish to assist the corporation – like patents which were conceived to underwrite investments in innovation – but to serve the wider interests of society †¢Ã¢â‚¬ It will lead to fewer choices, less innovation, and potentially higher prices,† Samsung said in a written statement. †¢ â€Å"It is unfortunate that patent law can be manipulated to give one company a monopoly over rectangles with rounded corners, or technology that is being improved every day by Samsung and other companies. †¢Apple, meanwhile, praised the court for â€Å"sending a loud and clear message that stealing isn't right. † This highlights a central issue in today's innovation-based economy. †¢Intellectual property law is based on the notion that copying is bad for creativit y. It is usually cheaper to copy something than create something wholly new. If innovators are not protected against imitation, they will not invest in more innovation. †¢The real world, however, tells a different story. Imitation is at the centre of an enormous amount of innovation.Rules against copying are sometimes necessary. But in many cases, they serve to slow down innovation. Copying, in short, is often central to creativity. †¢How can copying be beneficial? Because it can enable as well as inhibit innovation. When we think of innovation, we usually picture a lonely genius toiling away until he or she finally has an â€Å"aha! † moment. †¢In fact, innovation is often an incremental, collective and competitive process. And the ability to build on existing creative work — to tweak and refine it — is critical to the creation of new and better things. Copying can also drive the process of invention, as competitors strive to stay ahead. AFFECTS ON CONSUMER †¢Consumers are the real loser in this verdict. †¢Consumers do not get Samsung accused products in U. S market. †¢Consumer confusion between products and functions. †¢Now consumer may not get better existing products for lower prices. BUSINESS LESSONS FROM APPLE VS SAMSUNG †¢INSPIRATION NOT IMITATION. †¢DELIGHT LEADS TO DESIGN AND NOT THE OTHER WAY ROUND. †¢DON'T MIMIC BUSINESS DNA. †¢WE ALL DO WRONG STUFF BUT IF YOU GET NOTICED AND WARNED BE SMART.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Potlatching among the Kwakuitl essays

Potlatching among the Kwakuitl essays The Kwakiutl are an American Indian tribe that live on the northern shore of Vancouver Island in British Columbia and on the adjacent mainland in a country with a coastline almost as long and inletted per square mile of territory as that of Norway (Bohannon, 1966). The Kwakiutl are significant in that they engage in a very unique form of exchange known as potlatching. A potlatch was a ceremonial given by a chief and his group, as hosts, to guests composed of another chief or chiefs with their respective groups, at which the guests were given wealth goods as gifts (Drucker, 1967). Kottak (1982) defines a potlatch as a festive event where, assisted by other members of their communities, sponsors gave away food, blankets, pieces of copper and other items. In return for this they got prestige. To give a potlatch enhanced a sons reputation and prestige increased with the lavishness of the potlatch and the value of the goods given away with it. Bohannon (1966) offers another definition of the potlatch. The word potlatch is derived from the Chinook language and it means gift. The potlatch is a ceremonial occasion on which one exchanges or gives gifts to ones rival, who is a man occupying a status closest to ones own in the ranked hierarchy. Potlatch involves the giving of property by one holder of a position to the holder of an equal or higher position. The former does this to maintain the glory of the rank he holds and the glory of the ancestors from who he inherited the position (Bohannon, 1966). The Kwakiutl are more obsessed with rank than most other peoples in the world. They created artificial shortages and their striving for high social position was an integral part of the economy. In addition there was an organisation made up of a number of ranked but heredity officers, each one marked by crests, ceremonial privileges and titles. The ranking of positions was...

Monday, October 21, 2019

or 11b. Essays

Government and Explain /or 11b. Essays Government and Explain /or 11b. Essay Government and Explain /or 11b. Essay Essay Topic: The Wild Duck Time allowed : 3 hours SS2-080 90 Maximum Marks : 90 (i) (ii) (iii) 1 11 10 31 1 3 80 22 (iv) 23 30 5 120 (v) 31 4 General Instructions : (i) (ii) The question paper has 31 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. Questions from serial number 1 to 10 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries 1 mark. (iii) Questions from serial number 11 to 22 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each. (iv) Questions from serial number 23 to 30 are 5 marks questions.Answer of these questions should not exceed 120 words each. (v) Question number 31 is a map question of 4 marks from Geography only. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book. Page 2 of 9 1A. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which of the following is not an economic exchange ? (a) Flow of trade (b) Flow of capital (c) Flow of knowledge (d) Flow of labour /OR 1B. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Who among the following setup the first jute mill in Kolkata ? (a) J. N. Tata (b) Seth Hukum Chand (c) Dwaraknath Tagore (d) Dinshaw petit /OR 1C. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1Who wrote ‘The Bitter Cry of Outcast London’ ? (a) Andrew Mearns (b) Charles Dickens (c) Sameul Richardson (d) Henry Mayhew 2A. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which of the following newspapers was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak ? (a) Kesari (b) Jansattu (c) Statesman (d) Amirta Bazaar Patrika /OR 2B. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which of the following novels of Premchand deals mainly with the poor condition of women in society ? (a) Sewasadan (b) Godan (c) Rangbhoomi (d) None of the above 3. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which one of the following is NOT on the verge of extinction ? a) Asiatic Cheetah (b) Deer (c) Pink headed duck (d) Mountain Quill Page 3 of 9 4. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which one of the following crops is grown during the said season ? (a) groundnut (b) muskmelon (c) soyabean (d) mustard 5. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Apart from the central and the state Governments, which is the third type of government practised in Belg ium ? (a) Local government (b) Municipal government (c) Community government (d) Ethnic government 6. (a) 30% (b) 27% (c) 50% (d) 33% What is the percentage of seats Reserved for women in the Local bodies ? (a) 30% (b) 27% (c) 50% (d) 33% 7. a) (b) (c) (d) Which one of the following countries has the lowest participation of women in public life ? (a) USA (b) Bangladesh (c) Saudi Arab (d) India 8. (a) (c) What is the full form of HDI ? (a) Human Derived Industries (b) Human Development Index (c) Highly Developed Industries (d) Human Development Income 9. (a) (b) (c) (d) What can be the developmental goal of landless rural labourer ? (a) Freedom to decide what he is able to (b) More days of work and better wages (c) Less days of work (d) Good climatic conditions Page 4 of 9 1 (HDI) (b) (d) 1 1 1 10. a) (b) (c) (d) Which of the following is true about the private sector ? (a) Governments owns most of the assets (b) Individuals or companies own most of the assets (c) Services are provid ed by the government (d) The main purpose is not to earn profit but public service. 11A. How were the silk routes a good example of vibrant pre – modern trade and cultural links ? Explain /OR 11B. 18 How did a series of inventions in the 18th century increase the efficiency of each step of production process in the cotton textile industry ? /OR 11C. When was the Rent Act passed in Bombay ?What was its aim ? What was the impact ? 12A. Give any three reasons favouring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China. /OR 12B. Explain any three main contributions of novel to modern society. 13. How can we solve the problem of land degradation ? Suggest any three measures. 14. How have communities conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India ? Explain. 15. Explain any three reasons for the multipurpose projects and large dams coming under great scrutiny and opposition. 1 3 3 1+1+1=3 31=3 31=3 31=3 3 31=3 Page 5 of 9 16.Describe the working of the Roof Top Rainwat er Harvesting being parctised in India. 17. What is the principle that is being followed by the government in Sri Lanka ? Describe. 18. Mention any three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions. 19. Distinguish between overlapping and cross cutting of social differences. 20. Explain the main criterion used by World Bank in classifying different countries? 21. Why is the tertiary sector gaining importance in India ? Explain any three reasons. 22. What is meant by disguised unemployment ? Give one example from rural and other from urban areas . 3A. Define the term trade surplus. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain ? /OR 3 3 31=3 3 3 3 1+2=3 1+4=5 23B. ‘The First World War created dramatically a new situation for Indian Industries’. Analyse how this change took place. /OR 23C. Why did the population of London city expand over the 19th century ? Explain. 5 5 Page 6 of 9 24A. How did the Indians manage before t he age of print ? When and how did the printing technique begin in India ? /OR 24B. 2+3=5 5 ‘With Prem Chand’s writings, Hindi novel achieved excellence. ’ Do you agree with this statement ?Give reasons to support your answer. 25A. What was the impact of printed books on women in India in the 19th century ? Explain. /OR 51=5 25B. 5 How did the colonial administrators find vernacular novels as a valuable source of information to native life and customs ? Explain with examples. 26. Name the two most important staple food crops of India. Name the states where they are produced. Write the geographical conditions required for their growth. 27. Describe the three – fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and state Governments of India. 8. Describe the Constitutional Provisions which make India a secular state . 29. Give examples to prove that there are other important developmental goals than income. 30. Suggest any five ways to prov ide more employment opportunities in rural areas. 31. (i) A B 2+2=4 51=5 51=5 5 5 1+2+2=5 (A) (B) Page 7 of 9 (ii) (C) (D) (i) Two features A and B are shown in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map. A) A soil type (B) A type of forests On the same political outline map of India, locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols : (C) Tungabhadra Dam (D) A major Bajra producing state 31 (31. 1) (31. 2) (31. 3) (31. 4) Note : in (31. 1) (31. 2) (31. 3) (31. 4) The following questions are for the visually impaired candidates only lieu of Q. No. 31. Name the state where black soil is found. Which type of forest are found in Jammu and Kashmir ? Name the river on which Tungabhadra Dam is built. Name the leading state producer of sugar cane. 41=1 (ii) Page 8 of 9 -o0o- Page 9 of 9

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Australian Legal System

There is a quotation mentioned in the essay which is quoted by Allan Amanyire.   This quote reveals that, there are lack of legal rules and democracy in the society which is an issue for all the people in the society.   The people of the society may be rich-poor, educated- uneducated, employed-unemployed but everyone faces same problem if the proper legal rules and democracy is not maintained in the society.   In this assignment the negative sides of the society is portrayed because in Australia there are lack of constitutional laws followed and because of that the economic stability of people is not maintained (Collins, 2014).There are some plans made to describe the assignment. They are description about equality law, description about Australian legal system, the inequality and scarcity of the society and the solutions which can be applied to solve the problems of the society by legal methods. With the help of English mon law tradition Australian legal system started progressing. Federal regulations of governments state that every country is democratic and the citizen of the countries have right to choose the government of the country through voting system under Human rights act. Under section 41 of constitution of Australia of mon Wealth the people of the country has legal right to choose president and ministers of the country, who can work for the sake of the county. As per Human Rights of Australia (1949), the people of the country have to live their life in a democratic nation where monopolistic views are not followed. There is certain rights of mon man of the country. That freedom does not restrict people to convey their speech; to live a proper life with equality without discrimination; to vote; to get employment and to get all the facilities and enjoy rights of the country. The quotation in the question states that, Australian government is not following the democratic rules and making the country corrupted by indulging lots of discrimination between rich and poor, man and women and etc. For that reason, the rules of Equality act of 2010 are needed to be followed by the government and the citizen of the government. This act should be equal for rich or poor, employed or unemployed and educated or uneducated. Everyone should be same in the eye of the law (Collins, 2014). The mon man suffers a lot because they b e the victim of inequality. If democracy is not maintained in the society, then the citizen of the country loses their freedom and they are deprived by equality and political facilities (Humphreys, 2010). According to equality act, there should be no discrimination in terms of race, gender, age, sex, caste, creed, religion, class etc. These legal rules are not followed in Australia and that is the reason that people are in problem. They are victim of discrimination which is harming them. Even employment is also not available in the country because of lack of regulations. All these loopholes in the system is creating main problem to all the people in the society whether they are rich or poor. As the legal system of the country is improper, so the economic system and the corporation system are also lacking various resources. In this quote this things are tried to be mentioned. Several critics have criticized the legal and political system of Australia. It is said that, if there is lack of democracy in a country then people cannot lead a free life. If it is followed by the business perspectives that people cannot set up their corporate world and business because the rules of the business will not be followed properly in this type of country where proper rules and regulations are not followed.   If any methods of business are not followed properly then the corporation system would not follow properly (Gleeson, 2000). So it is plicated to form vital business in a country where there is lack of following the rules and regulations. On the perspective of the quotes mention in the question many authors said several lines such as: John Maynard Keynes said, â€Å"The market can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent†. Allan Amanyrire said, â€Å"The rule of law bakes no bread, it is unable to distribute loaves or fishes, and it cannot protect itself against external assault, but it remains the most civilized and least burdensome conception of a state yet to be devised† Both the quotations reveal the negative part of the rules of the law and democracy which is affecting the society in adverse way. People are in burden under uneconomic condition. There is lack of employment in the country because of less democracy. Business also cannot be flourished properly because the legal rules of business is not followed which is adversely affecting the merchants or business man in the country. According to Razz (2002) in a book â€Å"A Basic Themes in Rule of Law Theory†, there are some rules made by government, which should be followed by the citizen of the country. There are some general principles. Those principles are certainty, and according to this principle stable, open and clear autonomy should be given to individual in democratic way (Gustafson, 2001). There is another principle that is generality, and according to it control of conduct of several citizen of various classes and in this case the legal rules should be followed where non-particularised and impersonal law is necessary to be implied. The final principle is equality, according to this principle, the law should be subjected equally and it should be followed by all class peoples in the munity. According to rule of law the democracy and freedom from interference should be given where human rights are not interfered (Raz, 2007). The liberties of the citizen should be saved and they should be treated with dignity by giving respect and rights to the citizens by the government of Australia (Ohnesorge, 2007). There is the journal, â€Å"Rule-book and Rights based Theories of Rule of Law†, (2003). There are various rules and regulations described in the journal and particular formulation of rule of law is stated by Lon Fuller. The morality and law is discussed in the contradiction of law. Argument is done by HLA Hart and Joseph Razz that the concept of equality in sexual inequality, racial segregation and religious intolerance is i patible which does not match which the concept of democracy following the legal rules. The standard of statues of law has failed here. Ronald Dworkin said there are some rights which are based on the rule of law which are demand of the citizens, where rights based theories are followed (Criddle, 2012). There is an integrity model made by Dworkin which is based on right based theory. According to the journal, the â€Å"The Current Debate: mon Law Constitutionalism†, (2009) argument was made on Anglo Australian legal tradition following the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy and Dicey’s constitutional theory gives vast description about the mercial law of the country which should be followed under legal rules and the theory but Allan argued that those theories are not conceptualised and human rights and democracies are not incorporated in the theories but only the legal rules of business and merce is mentioned without any link to the federal system of the society. The rule of law is criticized because the main points and motives are clearly not mentioned in the principles (Shaw, 2003). According to Farrell and McAllister (2003), if the democracy is needed to be maintained in the constitution of Australia, then it is very necessary that modern and organized way is needed to be applied in the parliamentary system of the constitution where electronic voting system is needed to be followed and secret ballot system is also needed to be arranged. Democracy is very important in a society because if there is monopoly in a rule for a long time, then the single power will be enhanced and addressed and the loopholes of the other parts of the constitutional system create trouble, barriers and boundary for the ordinary people of the country. The democratic system changed on 2004, when various new parliamentary systems are organized and voting board of supervision started thorough which new rules are organized following the federal system of the mon law of Australia. After the development of new applications in parliamentary system, various things are changed (Shaw, 2003). Posit ive changes are noticed; unemployment in the country is less now; poverty is also reduced and as per the quotation mentioned in the question, the tension and the issues of business formation and arrangement of mercial system in the country is also developed where different rules are stated and the needs of the citizens are heard and acts and rules of Australian legal system is motivated through the federal system.   Ã‚   This essay gives the ideas about the requirement of democracy in modern world because if the country follows the rules and regulations properly and democracy is maintained then the citizens can express their needs and their rights are also protected with the rule of law in Australian legislation system (Barber, 2006). There are various acts which are stated in terms of the quotation mentioned in the question. Various arguments, critical analysis and debates are also settled in the assignment which enriched the essence of the project with legal considerations followed properly.   Collins, R. (2014). The Rule of Law and the Quest for Constitutional Substitutes in International Law. Nordic Journal of International Law, 83(2), pp.87-127. Criddle, E. and Fox-Decent, E. (2012). Human Rights, Emergencies, and the Rule of Law. Human Rights Quarterly, 34(1) Gleeson, M. (2000). The rule of law and the constitution. Sydney, NSW: ABC Books. Gustafson, B. (2001). Book Review: Colin James (ed.), Building the Constitution (Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, 2000), pp. 448, $45. Political Science, 53(1) Humphreys, S. (2010). The Equality Act, 2010. Research Ethics, 6(3) Levine, S. (2004). Parliamentary Democracy in New Zealand. Parliamentary Affairs, 57(3), pp.646-665. Barber, N. W. (2006). ‘Sovereignty Re-examined; the Courts, Parliament, and Statutes’, Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire Ohnesorge, J. (2007). The Rule of Law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 3(1), pp.99-114. Raz, J. (2007). The Identity of Legal Systems. California Law Review, 59(3), pp.795.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shaw, J. (2003). The Rule of Law — And a Bill of Rights. AQ: Australian Quarterly, 75(5), p.10.

Friday, October 18, 2019

The Market Failure Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Market Failure - Term Paper Example A healthy market is one which acquires a balance between supply and demand. When an imbalance occurs between supply and demand, the market may consider as going through the failure phase. The market is not an absolute entity. It undergoes relative changes every time because of its association with so many internal and external parameters. In other words, the market fluctuates all the time when any problems may arise to the associated entities of the market. The market often fails when the individual interests try to dominate over the general interests of the market. For example, China is accused of implementing unhealthy strategies in the market. China is concentrating on mass productions of goods. They were able to sell their goods for cheaper prices because of the mass production. The cheaper prices will definitely attract the consumers and they will purchase more and more goods of Chinese origin. Even though the profit obtained from selling a single unit may less, China was able to overcome such problems by selling huge volumes of goods. Moreover, the huge volume of production may mobilize the economic resources of China and also the unemployed youths in China may get more employment because of the healthy movement of Chinese products in the world market. On the other hand, the consumers who purchased cheaper goods of Chinese origin may realize later that the goods they purchased were not adequate quality. When they face troubles with the products they purchased, they would try to look suspiciously at other genuine products also produced by other manufacturers. The reluctance of the consumers to enter actively in the market may cause problems not only for China but for other countries as well. In short, the market may fail in such cases because of the inefficient production and distribution of goods by even a single entity.

The concept of first mover advantage is widely used in gametheoretical Essay

The concept of first mover advantage is widely used in gametheoretical models and international trade theories. Discuss it in th - Essay Example A perfect example of first movers includes companies such as, Coca-cola and eBay, who were the first companies to enter their respective market. Where Coca-cola was first company to produce cola and made their products available to the public in 1886, eBay was the first company to introduce the auction process online in 1995. Both these companies have been a recurrent powerhouse in their respective industries ever since they were founded. It has been witnessed very often that first movers are generally pursued by competitors who try to capitalize on the original company’s success, brand value and recognition. They try and acquire the market that has already been penetrated by the first moving company (Poulsen, 2007). The competitors try and bring about certain modifications and improvements in their product line and make them available to the public in order to market their products, as being better than the products offered by the first moving company. However, by the time th e competitors lay their foundation in the already penetrated market, the first mover has already accumulated huge market share, customer loyalty, satisfaction and expertise in this particular field of work, which is required to stay at the pinnacle (Markides and Sosa, 2013). ... One of the crucial characteristics as far predicting the second mover’s reaction is concerned, is the second mover’s payoff function. First mover advantage is associated with pioneering products that benefit from advantages attained from a long-term market share. In addition to that, they also enjoy advantages in distribution of those products, the improved product-line, breadth, and quality (Chen and Pereira, 1999). First mover advantages are characterized by a pioneering firm’s ability to earn positive economic profits (profits in excess of the cost of capital). First mover advantages transpire endogenously within multi-stage process (Lieberman and Montgomery, 2002). The multi stage process is depicted in figure 1. The first stage involves the generation of an asymmetry that enables a particular company to gain competitive advantage over the rival companies. This opportunity to make the first move is a result of the firm’s possession of some unique infor mation sources or foresight or may be simply out of luck. Once this asymmetry is established, a firm may be able to exploit its advantageous position by following variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms thereby enhance the durability and magnitude of the first mover profits. Figure 1: Endogenous generation of first mover advantages (Source: Lieberman and Montgomery, 2002) Game theory Game theory is the process of modelling the strategic interaction between two or more players in a situation containing set rules and outcomes (Heap and Varoufakis, 2004). While used in a number of disciplines, game theory is most notably used as a tool within the study of economics. The economic application of game theory can be a valuable tool to aid the fundamental

Why you have chosen Praire View A&M University for your academic Essay

Why you have chosen Praire View A&M University for your academic endeavors - Essay Example Ever since I can remember, I have had this insatiable desire to take things apart to see how they work. Most of these had to do with electrical and electronic items and more often than not I was recruited to repair things in the home. When I began my search for a university to pursue higher education in my chosen field, I was looking for an institution where I would be encouraged to research new ideas and put my knowledge to use in an atmosphere of creativity and co-operation. My choice was naturally narrowed down to those institutions that had the reputation of producing excellent students in the field of engineering who were given opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skills in industry related environments. It is therefore not surprising that Prairie View was among the top schools on my list. I have for sometime been enthusiastic about developing low cost and easy maintenance electrical/electronic items that can be used in communities that do not enjoy the facilities enjoye d by those in developed nations. I hope that I shall be able to do something towards achieving this goal during my time at university.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Strategy - Essay Example The organization had limited focus on the vision and mission statement and hence was not as effective. Regardless, below are some of the key points discussed by Kaplan and Norton that relate to the excellence of any given organization. Primarily, the main goal of a balanced scorecard is setting the organizational mission and vision statements. These vision and mission statements not only state the various aspects required in the organization but also guide the employees and the entire workforce towards a united goal. As such, the paper argues that the importance of the vision statement is to ensure that a given organization is performing at its best at all given times. A good vision is vital for the success of any given organization. Our organization had a great vision statement but a few employees within the organization only knew the statement. Finally, another key feature discussed in detail by the article is translating the vision. Assessing the progress made by the organization towards the attainment of the set vision is crucial to monitor progress. Consensus between management and the subordinates is crucial for the utmost success of the organization. This was a key feature of the balanced scorecard that was missing from my former organization. The vision was not a key focus of the organization, and the management mostly focused on short-term goals, which rather affected its efficiency greatly. Such additions to the organization structure are crucial for the success any organization in attaining its main

Observation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Observation - Research Paper Example The interactions were thus, mainly between the coffee shop waiters and the students or among the groups of students. The observations of the first day were students coming in mostly in groups and sitting at large tables. The waiters greeted them nicely and in a friendly manner asking them what they would want to have. The students discussed with one another, showed certain confusions, conflicts, indecisiveness, and lack of coordination. The order was taken and the waiter simply smiled at the group of students. The students then interacted with one another, enjoyed, and talked about their colleagues, teachers, and studies. They talked about their upcoming history project that they all found difficult and were tensed about. Then they talked about their rival group in class and how much they disliked them. They continued their discussions while eating and having their coffees then went away. Another couple walked in by then, the waiter greeted them and took their order; they talked to each other all the time, and then went away after their coffee. On the second day, again a group of college students entered the coffee shop. The waiter greeted them nicely and they seemed to know him well as they asked him how he’s doing and whether his new boss is taking too much work from him. This group of students walked in with bags and books in their hands. They were calm and rather more sophisticated than the group on the first day. One of them gave the order to the waiter on behalf of everyone and soon they started their group study session. One of the group member started explaining the others and they heard him with serious expressions while having their coffees. On the third day of observation, the coffee shop was highly crowded and rushed. There were three girls sitting on one table constantly gossiping and talking to one another and they had their phones in their hands too through which they clicked several pictures. A

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Why you have chosen Praire View A&M University for your academic Essay

Why you have chosen Praire View A&M University for your academic endeavors - Essay Example Ever since I can remember, I have had this insatiable desire to take things apart to see how they work. Most of these had to do with electrical and electronic items and more often than not I was recruited to repair things in the home. When I began my search for a university to pursue higher education in my chosen field, I was looking for an institution where I would be encouraged to research new ideas and put my knowledge to use in an atmosphere of creativity and co-operation. My choice was naturally narrowed down to those institutions that had the reputation of producing excellent students in the field of engineering who were given opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skills in industry related environments. It is therefore not surprising that Prairie View was among the top schools on my list. I have for sometime been enthusiastic about developing low cost and easy maintenance electrical/electronic items that can be used in communities that do not enjoy the facilities enjoye d by those in developed nations. I hope that I shall be able to do something towards achieving this goal during my time at university.

Observation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Observation - Research Paper Example The interactions were thus, mainly between the coffee shop waiters and the students or among the groups of students. The observations of the first day were students coming in mostly in groups and sitting at large tables. The waiters greeted them nicely and in a friendly manner asking them what they would want to have. The students discussed with one another, showed certain confusions, conflicts, indecisiveness, and lack of coordination. The order was taken and the waiter simply smiled at the group of students. The students then interacted with one another, enjoyed, and talked about their colleagues, teachers, and studies. They talked about their upcoming history project that they all found difficult and were tensed about. Then they talked about their rival group in class and how much they disliked them. They continued their discussions while eating and having their coffees then went away. Another couple walked in by then, the waiter greeted them and took their order; they talked to each other all the time, and then went away after their coffee. On the second day, again a group of college students entered the coffee shop. The waiter greeted them nicely and they seemed to know him well as they asked him how he’s doing and whether his new boss is taking too much work from him. This group of students walked in with bags and books in their hands. They were calm and rather more sophisticated than the group on the first day. One of them gave the order to the waiter on behalf of everyone and soon they started their group study session. One of the group member started explaining the others and they heard him with serious expressions while having their coffees. On the third day of observation, the coffee shop was highly crowded and rushed. There were three girls sitting on one table constantly gossiping and talking to one another and they had their phones in their hands too through which they clicked several pictures. A

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Summary of the Skoda Case Study Essay Example for Free

Summary of the Skoda Case Study Essay The purpose of this summary is learns about what is SWOT analysis, how to use it to analysis a company and the way to guide goals and business behavior. Next, the object is understands how a particular company-in this case is Skoda Company-used a SWOT analysis to analysis itself. Skoda Company was established in 1925 and then had become a strong competitive power company in car market. However, it only have a 1.7% share-a very few part-in car market in recent years. Skoda UK management wanted to define its brand positioning, that means they need a brand which owned by themselves. This was a solution to reply too much competition in market now. The case study used a SWOT analysis tool (including SMART and SLEPT) to analysis situation of Skoda Company which from four different aspects: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The first step was strengths. Skoda wanted to know how customer feels to them so collects feedback from buyer. Use this way Skoda wined its own satisfied customers. Secondly, find weaknesses. In the past Skoda was produced bicycle and then turned to car producing, so some people consider that quality was not so ideal, so neutral public perspective is their weakness. The third was about opportunities. Skoda have their own satisfied customers, this is their opportunity. The final one was threats. In prefect competition market Skoda lost its market shares. They need to produce better products to keep their customers, and they also need a strong industry chain and an accurate market segment. The outcome of thought using a SWOT analysis was that Skoda was struggling to change it original image, and they already achieve some. The challenge was increasing marketing shares, so they needed to search a new strategy to improve their brand.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Why free trade is both realistic and desirable in the real world

Why free trade is both realistic and desirable in the real world This paper is going to answer the question Why free trade is both realistic and desirable in the real world? and explain why I might be pessimistic about the prospects for global growth and development. In each issue, I support my opinions by firm arguments in real world as well as in academic The content 2.1 The concepts First of all, I would like to mentions about the main concepts that I am going to discuss about. Free trade is trade in which goods, services can move across countries without any barriers, i.e. tariffs, quotas or other restrictions. (Todaro Stephen, 2009). Or Free trade is a system in which goods, capital and labor flow freely between nations (What is free trade, WiseGeek [online], 2011). Free Trade has four main features: No taxes (tariffs) or other non-tariff barriers for producers to trade in goods and services Traders have free access to markets and market information The free movement of goods, services, labor and capital between and within countries No firms could distort the markets through relying on the monopoly power from the governments (Free trade, Wikipedia [online], 2011) Next, according to Nafziger (2006), Economic Growth refers to increases in production or incomes or income per capita in a country. And Economic development refers to economic growth accompanied by changes in output distribution and economic structure (Nafziger, 2006:15). Therefore, growth is a necessary factor but not sufficient for development 2.2 Free Trade is realistic and desirable In this section, I am going to argue for the view that free trade is both realistic and desirable in the real world. First, about the view that free trade is realistic, I have six strong arguments to support that idea. The first argument is about the lost in tariff revenues. Free trade means no revenues in tariffs; however, the governments should reform their tax systems to make them become more efficiently and effectively through putting taxes on right objects with appropriate rates. That can compensate the lost in tariff revenues and even increase the tax revenues. The transportation and the communication are very convenient; people can travel faster, and they can communicate together from a distance. Thus, the workers are no longer afraid of traveling. Additionally, the developing countries are reducing regulations in labor market to attract specialists and high skilled labor from advanced nations. Thus, the mobility of labor markets is increasing. The decentralization is a current trend in the world, and it helps countries can reach free trade by eliminating the monopoly. That will increase the transparency in economies and trade regimes in countries, so no firms can rely on monopoly from the governments to distort the markets. In reality, decentralization is almost reached in countries such as: US, Germany; and it is progressing in developing countries such as, i.e. Brazil, Mexico, Bolivia and Eastern European countries. Next, there are many organizations that support and facilitate free trade such as World Trade Organization (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and European Union. In Vietnam in 2006, the leaders of the 21 members of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) launched a process to negotiate and establish the largest single of trade liberalization in the world which is called Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP). That free-trade zone will account for 44% of global trade, and more than a half of the global gross domestic product. (Bergsten, 2007) and ( Article Bliss [online], 2011) In developed countries, the protectionists assert that free trade will make the unemployment severe by moving jobs from their countries to developing nations. But the governments can solve that problem by improving the social safety and welfare to compensate displaced workers and help them have jobs in high advanced industries that the developed countries specialize in. Finally, the developing countries can produce assistance in technology, finance and information system to help them adapt free trade easier and help domestic firms compete with foreign ones more efficiently. Second, I can say that free trade is desirable because free trade produce many benefits and advantages in the real world. Thus, many countries really desire free trade. The first significant role of free trade is that it is an important stimulator of economic growth. The free trade has proved its role through the success in economic growth in East and South East Asia countries (Todaro Stephen, 2009). For instance, Taiwan, which have the export-focus strategy, has average economic growth rate about 8% over more than four decades and grew nearly 10% annually in the 1965-80 period. It also has achieved its goals in education, health care and poverty alleviation successfully (Smith, 2003). Next, the international trade has a significant role in GDP in developing countries. Figure 1: Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) Source: Derived from World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, 15 March 2011 According to the figure, the exports accounts for about near a half of GDP in developing countries from 2005 to 2009. Free trade promotes the exports from developing countries, so it has a very important role in developing countries. Free trade increases the competitions in the world, because it helps foreign companies can trade as efficiently and effectively as domestic ones. Therefore, it will make the prices for goods and services cheaper through promoting competitions. Moreover, free trade also encourages innovation, since companies need to produce innovative products and solutions to obtain market share (Toye, 2004). Next, Free trade is an important means to achieve the development. Free trade increase national incomes and force nations to adjust and improve their infrastructure, policies, laws and society system to adapt free trade. Thus, free trade is powerful instrument to achieve the goals of development such as: stability, freedom, and quality of life (i.e. education, happiness and health). For example: based on the export of garment industry, Bangladeshs poverty reduction in 1990s was quite dramatic and it promote the process of achieving development goals in Bangladesh (Goldin Reinert, 2006) Next, there is the witness of the success of export promotion strategy and the limitation or failure of import substitution strategy in reality. Meanwhile, export-oriented countries such as: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore have got rapid rate of economic growth; Latin America promoted import substitution policies in the 1960s, but they were not successful, and such policies have been replaced by export-led strategies. Import substitution produces some disadvantages such as: inefficient domestic industries, the deficit in the balance of payment because the value of import inputs is higher than the value of export outputs. As the estimation, the import substitution waste about 10% of national income of developing countries. (Salvatore, 2011). Next, the benefits from free trade agreements such as WTO and NAFTA can explain why free trade is desirable in reality. First, WTO integrates countries in the world to the international system, and motivates them to protect and expand that system. WTO ensures that countries could not selectively open their market, and promotes economic relations between countries (Business Roundtabble [online], 2006, cited in 2011). Next, NAFTA help Mexico became attractive place for workers from Central America, where wages were only about an eighth as high as those in Mexico by 2002. That makes other Latin American countries seem eager to join in a free trade agreement as soon as possible (Smith, 2003). The classic academic theories support free trade such as absolute advantage theory, comparative advantage theory and relative factor endowments theory. These theory argue that the nations will increase welfare when they specialize in their advantages, endowment factors and conduct free trade together (Salvatore, 2011) The prospect for global growth and development is pessimistic As I mention above, free trade is realistic and desirable in the real world; however, I have seven firm arguments to support my pessimistic view about the prospects for global growth and development The first argument is that all resources in the world are fixed in quantity and they are being fully employed (Todaro Smith, 2009:606). The manufactures require a huge demand on raw material, fuels especially fossil fuels (e.g. coal, oil) which are non-renewable. When the quantity of these fuels decrease and become exhausted, their prices will increase so that the manufacture faces the stagnation. The price of oil (USD) increase constantly from 12.28 in 1998 to 100.12 in 201, and it is expected to increase more in the future (Source: Derived from OPEC, OPEC Basket Price, 2011), that will impact the global growth as well as the development. Next, the inequalities are increasing between and within countries (Todaro Smith, 2009:589). The disparity between rich countries and poor countries as well as the inequalities within countries is increasing. The inequalities will increase the conflict in economic, political and social benefits between people in different classes, religions and country. That will make the development and global growth more and more unsustainable. The environment problems become more severe; especially, the environmental degradation and global warming are increasing rapidly. It will affect all nations in the world, especially poor countries whose productions depend on climate and environment so much. However, the rich countries such us U.S, Japan, Russia and China have not acted sufficiently to prevent or reduce the global warming and environmental degradation because it will impact their productions. When the environmental life is degraded, the development as well the global growth will be hinder and maybe worse. Many countries are still in deep poverty and they are being depended on agricultural and primary-product export. There are more than 1 billion people live on less than 1$ per day and the number of people live in poverty has doubled in the last two decades in Africa. In addition, 70% people live in rural in developing countries depend on agricultural and primary product exports, whose incomes are very unstable and risky. That will make the growth and development in developing countries fluctuant (Todaro Smith, 2009) and (Salvatore, 2011) There is a trend of new protectionism in advanced nations (i.e. North America and Euro) against the exports from developing countries. They are trying to protect their domestic producers, workers and farmers from the lower cost products in developing countries. That will obstruct the free trade in the world as well as the welfare gain from exports in developing countries. For example, even though 8 liberalization round have occurred over 50 years, the trade barriers still remains in agricultural products and textile industry. Next, the population in the world is rising. That will impact and make the problems of poverty, environment and food more and more severe, especially in poor and developing countries. That is a significant factor, which will hinder and obstruct the global growth and development. Figure 2: Population Growth ( annual %) Source: Derived from World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW, 20 March 2011 Finally, due to the World Financial and Economic Crisis in 2008 and 2009, the advanced nations faced deep recession and the developing countries face low rate of growth. Many countries such as U.S, U.K, Japan and Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ have to spend billions dollar to rescue their economies. The worlds GDP growth rate slows down by 2% for 2008 and 2009 (Source: Derived from World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2011). In addition, the government will tighten their financial market through regulations. It will affect the manufacture, business and investment because they need money to expand and develop. The conclusion To sum up, the economies in the world can reach free trade; and because of free trades advantages and benefits, it is desired by countries in the world. I assert that fee trade is realistic and desirable in the real world. However, there are many serious problems that are impacting and will obstruct the global growth and development in the world. Thus, I have a pessimistic view about global growth and development.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Mental Health Effects of Maquiladora Work on Mexican Women :: Essays Papers

The Mental Health Effects of Maquiladora Work on Mexican Women: Sources of Stress and its Consequences â€Å"The U.S.-Mexican border es una herida abierta where the Third World grates against the first and bleeds. . .†-- Gloria Anzaldua Introduction Submerged in the impoverished urban border culture which they helped create, the maquiladoras draw young women north from all over Mexico’s interior. The women migrate with hopes of acquiring jobs in the booming foreign-owned factories and are plunged into a new border â€Å"country† that is far from a promised land. Maquiladoras are a financial endeavor for foreign industrialists who hope that by situating factories in Third World countries they will substantially cut production costs. The industrialists have been accused of taking advantage of Mexico’s cheaply accessible labor force and less restrictive health and safety codes in order to achieve these lower production costs. While preliminary surveys on the effects of maquiladora work on women’s physical health show little to no adverse side effects, researchers and advocates are not completely convinced that long term health effects will prove positive. The emotional and psychological stresses of working in a maquiladora are tremendous and should be examined just as seriously as the physical effects. The female workers live a life of insecurity, instability, oppression, submission, and exhaustion. They face jolting lifestyle changes and even when working full time, have trouble making enough money to cover basic living costs. They are pawns in a First World economic strategy that hopes to wring as much cheap labor out of the women as it can, paying female workers in Mexico’s northern states an average of only four dollars a day for workdays that typically run from 7:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.. High levels of stress accountable to both working in the maquiladora itself and the to lifestyle it promotes attribute to depression, substance abuse and even physically manifested ailments. This paper will examine the different sources of stress that affect the mental health of female maquiladora workers in an attempt to understand the overa ll health issues of the border culture. Overview of Potential Stressors Affecting Mental Health A great majority of maquiladora employees are young women who have migrated to the border area from â€Å"supporting agricultural [regions]† (Cravey, 6). Migration, itself, is a complicated process which could have profound affects on the mental health of maquiladora workers. Migration has been found to have negative effects

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Sandy Skoglund Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Sandy Skoglund Sandy Skoglund has been in the forefront of contemporary art in the United States, as well as overseas, for nearly two decades. Her dramatic impact to the art world didn’t begin overnight. After sheer dedication to art education she received her BA degree in Studio Art in 1968 from Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. Upon getting her BA, she pursued further education at the University of Iowa where she received her MD. With her remarkable educational background, Skoglund decided to expand her horizons by teaching. Her teaching career grew at a rapid pace and she found herself teaching at the University of Hartford from 1973 to 1976. In late 1976, she was offered a position at Rutgers University, New Jersey, and has been teaching there ever since. She has been giving her expertise in the form of photography and the art of installation and multi-media for fourteen years now, and she doesn’t plan on giving it up anytime soon. As Skoglund began to see that the sky was the limit, along with teaching, she decided to experiment with illustration and commercial images. The advancement in these areas had been a lifelong dream. Merely overnight, Skoglund’s career blossomed and her sole purpose in all of this was to make people see and feel her brilliant expression in a way that they could easily relate to. Over the years Ms. Skoglund has created an art that seems to bash modern day reality as we know it. Ms. Skoglund has had tremendous succ...

Friday, October 11, 2019

Dialogue as Empathic Conversation

Organizational communication : balancing creativity and constraint / Eric M. Eisenberg, H. L. Goodall, Jr. , Angela Trethewey. Boston : Bedford/St. Martin's, c2010. ISBN: 9780312574864 ; Pages: 26-52 M IMIII;WJI D efining Organizational Communication As stated in the last chapter, as long as t here have been humans, there has been organizing, and with organizing comes a concern about how to do better, whether the task is hunting, coaching a sports team, o r r unning a multinational corporation . Unfortunately, those with practical interest in improving organizational communication have n ot always adopted the same definitions and assumptions.F or example, when engineers speak o f t he importance o f communication, they often (but not always) refer t o its role in promoting clarity and consensus. I n contrast, a group o f clergy ca lling for improved communication would likely focus o n the evocative and emotional power o f discourse. I n this chapter, we describe some common approach es t o organizational communication, including models o f commtmication as information transfer, transactional process, strategic control, and a balance o f creativity and constraint. W e conclude with a model o f communication as mindful dialogue as well as a discussion o f integrity and ethics.  §J APPROAC HE S T O O RGANIZATIONAL C OMMUNICATION O f the various conceptions o f organizational communication, four have attracted the greatest number o f adherents: ( l) communication as information transfer, (2) communication as transactional process, (3) communication as strategic control, and (4) communication as a balance o f creativity and constraint. 26 Chapter 2: Defining Org:mizarion in many people's u nderstanding o f o rganizational c ommunicar:ion. F or example, the general m anager o f a large aerospace company hired several pilots ro fly over his manufacturing p lant and d rop h undreds o f Hyers with the message: â€Å"S

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Fiero’s Greek Civiliation

I believe Fiero’s first humanist actually seems to start in early Greek civilization. † Greeks were called the humanists of the ancient world†. (Fiero 30) The Greeks were known for their art, literature, as well as their religious culture. Fiero also refers to the humanistic period in which the great historian Thucydides wrote â€Å"The History of The Polynesian War† (Fiero 37) which we see celebrates the Greek culture in Athens during the Polynesian War. I believe this was a great example of the humanist in the Greek culture by showing the true spirit of Greek patriotism and community of the Greek people.We also see Fiero use the Greeks use what was called â€Å"symmetry†, on their statues and paintings. They believed the true aspect of the human being should be shown in actual form. They also show such detail and the proportion was correct. They also show that the human body was a work of art. We also see Fiero use the example of the â€Å"Partheno n† as the Greeks style of architecture. On the actual â€Å"Parthenon† they had the four horsemen, water bearers, and the showing of the festival in which the tribute to Helen was shown. This shows me that the Greeks were all about depicting the greatness of their civilization.The Romans basically copied the art and most of everything else so I will go straight to the Renaissance. Fiero refers to the Renaissance as the revival of the Greco-Roman culture. (Fiero 183) This was revised by the Aquinas. They were looking at this as the† fulfillment of the human potential†. (Fiero 183) This is what I see in the art of the Renaissance is that the pieces had depth and perception and proportion and symmetry just like the Greco-Roman style. Fiero comments that new Renaissance humanists have religion in their lives but look at their intellectual curiosity has appealing and appeasing.According to Fiero the most Renaissance Humanists was â€Å"Francesco Petrarch†. (Fiero 184) I believe Francesco was a restorer of early Latin works. I believe he was trying to bring to life the old classics of the Greek world. I think he wanted to show that he was a great poet as Cicero. I think he was torn on whether he was a great believer or reasoner. I believe he chose to be a believer. In his sonnet I think he was torn on his love for his lover or his love of words. I see these as examples of Fiero’s humanism.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Co-Operative Sugar Mills Limited, Salem.

A Summer Project at Co-operative Sugar Mills Limited, Salem. SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by DHANABAL. K Register No: 713211631026 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN RVS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES COIMBATORE – 641402 AUGUST 2012 RVS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES COIMBATORE -641 402 SUMMER PROJECT REPORT AUGUST 2012 This is to certify that the project entitled A Summer Project at Co-operative Sugars Limited, Salem. is the bonafide record of project work done by DHANABAL. K Register No: 713211631026 f Master of Business Administration during the year 2012-2013. MR. AJITH SUNDARAM DR. J. NIRUBA RANI (Project Guide) (Head of the Department) DECLARATION I affirm that the summer project work titled â€Å"CO-OPERATIVE SUGAR MILL† being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Business Administration is the original work carried out by me. It has not formed the part of any other project work s ubmitted for award of any degree or diploma, either in this or any other University. DHANABAL. K 713211631026I certify that the declaration made above by the candidate is true. Mr. Ajith Sundaram ACKNOWLEDGEMENT â€Å"Gratitude is the music of our hearts. † A summer project of such a comprehensive finish cannot be completed without the help of numerous sources and people throughout the long rugged path of success. We realize this fact and so, we are greatly indebted to all of them and take this opportunity to thank them. First and foremost I would like to thank god almighty whose blessings made me to complete the training successfully. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr. P. V. PRABHA, MBA, M.Phil, ICWA, PGDCA, Ph. D. , Director, RVS institution of management studies, Coimbatore for providing me an opportunity to get practical knowledge about my theoretical studies. I also thank Dr. J. NIRUBARANI, MBA, M. Phil, PGDCA, B. ED. , Ph. D. , Head of depart ment, RVS institution of management studies, for providing me an opportunity to undergo this internship training work. I indeed greatly thankful to my faculty guide Mr. AJITH SUNDARAM, B. TECH, MBA, MS(UK), Msc, (Ph. D. ), Assistant professor, RVS institution of management studies, thank him for guiding me to successfully complete the training.I wish to express my gratitude to all the staff members in the department of management studies for their encouragement for completing this training. I would like to my sincere thanks to Mr. S. Jayakumar, Sri Jayam Impex, Managing Director for the valuable help rendered to me by providing the necessary information, materials and co operation for the preparation of this summer training. Finally I would like to thank my parents and all my friends who have helped me immensely throughout the project work. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. | TITLE| PAGE NO. | | INTRODUCTION| | | ABOUT THE INDUSTRY| | | ABOUT THE COMPANY| | | OBJETIVES OF THE STUDY| | 2 | DEPARTMENTS| | | PURCHASE| | | PRODUCTION | | | FINANCE| | | MARKETING / SALES| | | HUMAN RESOURCE| | 3| FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS | | 4| CONCLUSION | | 5| BIBLIOGRAPHY | | 6| APPENDICES | | INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: The Salem Co-operative Sugar Mills is situated on the banks of River Cauvery at a distance of 20 kms from Namakkal, which is the nearest town. The factory and residential colony is located in an extent of 148 acres of Pettapalayam Village.The Sugar factory plays a significant role in the social and economic uplift of people day and night and plays a significant role in essential item like sugar, molasses , bagasse , alcohols , and bio-fertile. Sugar cane is cultivated in more than 110 countries and India stands first in sugar production within around 20 established sugar factories and over 35 million farmers and agricultural labors involved in sugarcane cultivation and harvesting . Tamilnadu has a rich tradition of successful sugarcane cultivation . if occupies 2. 6la khs hectors representing 65% of cane, a major portion being crushed by 36 sugar factories in tamilnadu and Pondicherry. Benefit of these items is Industry related to regular activities of the common people in rural areas . in addition other by-products form sugar factories play a principal role in the foreign exchange in an indirect way. ABOUT THE INDUSTRY HISTORICAL BACKGROUD: Human, throughout its history, has enjoyed sweet food and link sugar brings out flavors, intensities colors and also acts as servitude and fermenting agent.In olden days we know that it is one of the cheapest sources of energy i. e. calories sweetness sources’ occurs aurally in plants. There is lack of statically data to determine when acne sugar became the principal sweetener in any given part of the world. But it can be stated that cane sugar was first made in India and achieved dominant status 2000 or more years ago. The earliest precise and secure date for manufacture of sugar from sugarcane is in the kautillya’s Arthshatra, a Sanskrit manual on statesmanship written in 324-300 B. C. autillya was government official. Cultivation of sugarcane as a commercial crop was widely spread in Ganges valley. Its organization systematic integration intro dependent parts to form a whole it is culture of relationship among various position or job. This structure of entity comprises horizontal and vertical authority relationship. It is system of the co-operative attainment of common purpose organization represents the hierarchical arrangement of various positions in the enterprises. Designing of an appropriate structure is essential for successful engagement.This several firm of organization but all of them are not suitable to all enterprises it depends upon the nature size and objectives of a particulars enterprises these for every department has to plan & developed an appropriate structure for itself. The search for job satisfaction seems to be going on at every level of the organi zations, by people all types of jobs, by young and old men and women, by white collar and blue-collar employees and by minority and majority. But according to Maslow, â€Å"Man is a wanting animal† As soon as one of his needs is satisfied another appears in its place this process is unending.It continuous from birth to death. Man continuously puts forth effort-works, if you please to satisfy his needs†. In such a continuous process of course, satisfaction in Seldom achieved. â€Å"The term job satisfaction refers to an employee’s general attitude towards his job. To the extent that a Person’s job fulfills his dominant need and is consistent with his expectations and values, the job will be satisfying†. Thus job satisfaction is essentially related to human needs and their fulfillment through work. COMPANY PROFILE The Salem Co-operative sugar mills ltd. Mohanur on agro-based industrial undertaking was established in Pettapalayam talus in Namakkal dist rict to fulfill the long felt need of the public in general and the sugar cane grower in particular. This area was traditionally a cane potential area. Normally the bulk of cane grower in this area was sent to namakkal district coop. sugar mills to cater to the need of the sugar cane grower of this area sugar factory was established with a crushing capacity of 2,500 TCD at a total project cost of Rs. 3,300. 00 lakhs. This sugar factory is situated Pettapalayam village, Mohanur talus in namakkal district about 20Kms from amakkal town and 50Kms fro Salem city. The location of the mills is 5Kms from Salem to Vellore main road. The area of the mills is 96. 14 acres. The mill was registered under the tamilnadu co-operative society’s act 1961 and 25th November 1987. The foundation stone was laid by the hon’ble chief minister of tamilnadu Dr. kalaingnar on 13. 05. 1990. The factory commenced its first crushing season on 1st October 1992. The unique feature of the mills is ins talling of 2. 5 MW co-generation plant using the bagasse as raw material at a cost of 01. 23 crores.The mill has obtained ISO 9001-2000 certificate during 2003 for a period of three years and subsequently renewed up to June 2009. To improve the mill efficiency, boiler efficiency and quality of sugar-modernization of mills and boiler with DCS system and installation of rotary screen for filtering the bagacillo in cane juice installation of auto PH control system, the tender finalized. The government of tamilnadu has sanctioned Rs. 57. 50lakhs under part II scheme. The Sugar Mill was registered under TamilNadu Co – operative Act on 29. 08. 1966 and was started in 15. 12. 966. The commencement of production activities stated in 20. 12. 1972. Another unit was started 28. 02. 1987 and its capacity was increased to 2000 TCD. The Industry covers a total land area 171. 73 acres including 20 acres for area of cane cultiration. 76. 73 acres for area of factory, 45 acres for housing and colony administrative office and 30 acres for Polytechnic. The area of operation covers entire Denkanikottai, Namakkal Pennagaram taluk part of Namakkal, Pochampalli taluk Namakkal District and Kadyampatti firika Omalur (T. K) in Salem District. CANE INFORMATIONSugar cane is a traditional crop of India and it’s under cultivation since time immemorial in the indo-gangetic belt. There are numerous mentions of sugar cane in several of our ancient books such as â€Å"Atharva Veda†, â€Å"Rig Veda† etc dataing back to 1000BC TO 3000BC. Foreign travelers to Iandia, about 2000 years ago, have mentioned about sugar cane. Buddhist literature has several mentions of sugar cane and sugar. GENERAL AWARDS TO THE MILL * Tamilnadu co-operative union, selected their mill for the best co-operative sugar mill in tamilnadu continuously for 06 years from 1979-83. The national federation of co-operative sugar factories limited also awarded Second prize in tamilnadu level cane devel opment (low recovery zone )at 2002-2003. * Tamilnadu government award first for the recovery and production of sugar in 2003. QUALITY POLICY The salem co-operative sugar mills ltd. ,consistently manufacture and deliver sugar of quality that comply with national and standard by 1. Strict adherence to product quality requirements and management system 2. Ongoing training and effective communication 3. Team effort and contribution by individuals in continual improvement programs.The salem co-operative sugar mills is situated and the salem dam at distance of 25 kms, from udumalpet which is the nearest town the factory and residential colony is located in an extent of 158 acres of krishanapuram village. AREA OFOPERATION The salem co-operative sugar mills LtdArea of Operation consists of a Tirupur district (Madathukulam taluk part, Udumalpet taluk part, palani taluk part), in Coimbatore district (pollachi taluk part,) and near around 86 village level. Our Sugar Mills consists of 4 divisio ns and 2 sub divisions in which 12 cane sections are functioning Objectives of the millsThe main objective of the mill shall be manufacture of white sugar from Sugarcane and the sale if sugar so manufactured along with the by products to the best advantage of the members. Management The management of the mill was vested committee of the management comprising of 21 directors nominated by the Government of Tamilnadu. The term of office of the committee expired on 31/07/87. Now the Government has appointed an Administrator in the place of the committee of management. Production capacity Initially the mill was installed to crush 1250 TCD (Tones of crushed per Day).From the year 94-95, crushing season the crushing capacity has increased from 1250 TCD to 1500 TCD. Total number of employees There are 450 workers and officers workers in TCSM. 175 NMS are working in the mills. There is also a full timeMedical officer appointed for dispensary inside the mill preises. Departments There are sex departments in TCSM. They are 1. Purchase 2. Production 3. Quality Control 4. Stores 5. Sales 6. Accounts 7. Cane SCOPE & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The Objectives of the study are: * To familiarize with business and service organization. To Getting practical experience regarding the organization function. * To learn about the policies and function of the organization. * To get industrial exposure and experience. * To understand the production and selling methods. SCOPE OF THE STUDY * The study is mainly based on the details collected from each department. * It provides better understanding at function level of each department. I. e Purchase, production, sales, finance and human resource management. * Each and every activity of the company has been studied very carefully with the data available. Apart from that I gained knowledge of the functioning of different department and their inter relationship with each other. * This study helped me familiarize with the manufacture and selling the sugar. OBJECTIVE OF THE ORGANIZATION OBJECTIVE OF ORGANIZATION: * To become the preferred of personnel by offering highest quality of work life n the industry. * To be the most outstanding supplier in the industry during by meeting customer expectations. * To be the first place among locations in the company in ‘earnings per employee’ ratio in the industry during the present decade. To achieve at least 10% growth every year in turnover, profits and value addition. * To implement measures to ensure zero defects, there by customer delight will be achieved. * To raise share capital and deposits from the members. * To raise loans supplementary loans and in term loans supplementary loans and in term loans for investment in Block assets. * To provide welfare facilities for the employees. * To recruit and appoint on Permanent, Temporary contract basis or in any other manner considered necessary by the committee of the society. To undertake measured for the increased produced of sugar cane and supply of seeds manure, implements, irrigation facilities and other products requested and provisions of technical advice regarding improved cultivation practices. * To run educational and technical institutions for the benefit of cane growing members and employees of the sugar mill. * To provide for the welfare of the person employed by the Co – operative society. AREA COVERAGE: * Early and Mid season planting * 70% * Late season planting * 20% * Special season planting 10% SEASONS FOR SUGARCANE * Early –December –January (Margazhi –Thai) * Mid –February –March (Masi –pankguni) * Late –April –May (chitthirai-vaikasi) * Special –June –August (Aanni-Avani) COMPANY VISION AND MISSION: VISION: * To become no. 1 among all cooperative sugar mills in the state in all aspects. * Empower employees for shouldering higher responsibilities resulting in job enrichment and jo b satisfaction. * Aim to grower in business and to make the senior officials of by grooming and motivating them. MISSION: Strive to achieve excellence in manufacturing sugar through our dedicated, loyal and committed work force to enhance customer satisfaction. * Strive to achieve maximum value addition trough the most effective use of resource. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT PURSCHASE DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION: Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills handle the scientific and modern methods’ of management to procure their Raw materials for the production. Brine reading is the instrument used to measure the sugar contents of the sugar cane. If the content of sugar is low; the sugar cane will be allowed to grow for one or more months.They get the sugar cane form gopalapuram, dharmapuriDistricts. LIST OF SUPPLIERS: In respect of the sugar units in Tamilnadu, there is a list of registered suppliers for subiramaniya Siva Co-Operative Sugar Mill, such as Calcutta, Bhubaneswar and Cuttack whi ch are suppliers of raw materials, who are notified sugar belts in India? The name and address of the suppliers are maintained by the purchase in charge staff. This list has to be updated as per the format then and there, whenever new vendors are added, the supplier’s registers are to be maintained as per the format. ENQUIRY:As soon as the valid purchase requisites are received, local city or head office shall float Enquiries as to whenever cane is to be sent to the manufactures. PURCHASE ORDER: The purchase orders are to be paced by the department of purchase with the approval of the approval of the Deputy Manager (DGM). These Purchase orders placed under the conditions are supervisions of Deputy General Manager (DGM). TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE ORDER: The purchase order must contents the complete satisfaction of the materials. The details are as follows: 1. Quantity 2. Mode of delivery 3. Price 4.Duties and Tax Insurance 5. Order number 6. Pre-payment Great care is ta ken by the officials before placing the order, to avoid over stocking and loss of interest. The breakup delivery schedules are strictly followed to avoid losses when planning bulk-orders. The purchase copies are distributed to various levels of the Organization and vendors. Usually 7 copies of purchase bills prepared. 1. Original copy to supplier 2. Copy to Vice-President 3. Copy to Senior Manager 4. Copy to Stores 5. Copy to indenting department 6. Copy to purchase department 7. Copy to General Manager PAYMENT PROCEDURES:Salem Co-Operative Sugar Mill and chemicals Ltd. , follows the following procedures for Payments. Minimum 30 days of credit is required Stocks are sent through bank/directly Some purchases are made by cash. No advance is paid. CANCELLATION OF PURCHASE ORDER: The purchase order may be cancelled with the approval of Deputy General Manager Specifying requirements. RECEIPTS AND INSPECTION OF MATERIALS: The consignments are received and formally scheduled against the pu rchase order and the purchase order and the invoice issued by the suppliers. Acknowledgements are issued to carriers.Acknowledgements are issued to suppliers. The Storekeepers takes the responsibility of these goods STORES DEPARTMENT: An organization can have various types of stores like raw materials, store, processed or semi-finished material store, finished goods store and so on. Such range from ordinary one with shelves and bins to cold or dehumidified storage, huge silos for storage of food grains or bonded stores for keeping goods on which customs and excise duties have not been paid. Storage is essential part of the economic cycle and stores management is today a specialized function which can contribute significantly.DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STOREKEEPER: To receive the materials. To keep materials in the right place and in the manner Prescribed. MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES OF STORES DEPARTMENT: * The major responsibilities of stores are listed below: * Identification of all material stores. * Receipt of incoming goods. * Inspect of all receipts. * Stores and preservation. * Materials handling. * Packing. * Issue and dispatch. * Maintenance of stores records. * Stores accounting. * Inventory control * Stock taking. PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT PRODUCTION DEPARTMENTProduction means creation of utilities and covers all the activities of procurement, allocation and utilization of resources such as labor, energy, materials, equipment, machinery, etc. production management involving planning, organizing, directing and controlling the production system. Management is the process of effectively programming, co-coordinating, controlling production. ABOUT THE SUGAR Sugar is an essential item of everyday food in human life. It is the provider of chief source sweetness to the food. Sugar is a carbon-hydrate which suppliers to the human about 13% of energy required for his existence.It supplies energy to the human body more quickly and more effectively. Apart from these, it is a cheaper source of energy than any other common food. PRODUCTION CAPACITY Initially the mill was installed to crush 2000 TCD (tones of cane crushed per day). From the year 2009-2010, crushing season the crushing capacity has increase from 2000TCD to 2524 TCD. PRODUCTION PERIOD: Sugar is produced for a period of only 6 months in SSCSM from November to april since the recovery rate is high only in this period. FUNCTION OF FACTORY MANAGER: Production planning * Production control Quality control * Inventor control * Material handling * Work measurement * Cost control * Wage incentive to workers * Standardization and storage DUTIES OF DEPUTY CHIEF ENGINEER: The deputy chief engineer is responsible for the overall maintenance and working of factory machinery. He is answerable to the factory manager with respect to the working of the machinery. He prepares the purchase indents statements concerning the factory. Makes periodical checkups and ensures that all the safety arrangements , in asccordance with the factories Act, are duly complied with.He supervises the works of assistant engineer, supervises, typist and other workers is answerable on their part to the factory manager. DUTIES OF ASSISTANT ENGINEER (Civil): The assistant engineer (Civil)is responsible for the civil works of the entire factory. He looks the construction activities, if any, is responsible for repair works, patching works and overall maintenance of the factory buildings. He makes plans, schedules, etc for the construction and maintenance works and makes sure the buildings and premises and in accordance with the provisions of the act. DUTIES OF CHIEF CANE OFFICER: To target for cane cultivation in the cane command area of SSCSM * To issue cultivation orders at the due date to the members and cane growers of SSCSM DUTIES OF COME DEVELOPMENT OFFICER: * Supervise cane planting work. * Introduce new cane varieties to the cane assistant. * Advice others on the application of pesticides. * Check whether the members (subscription) share amount is received and deposited in the bank. * Convene meetings, supervise, issue circulars and verify cane weighment. CONSTITUENTS OF CANE JUICE: A) Water- 75 to 80 % b) Sucrose – 10 to 20 % c) Reducing sugar-0. to 3 % d) Organic matter other sugar – 0. 5 to 1% e) Inorganic compounds- 0. 2 to 0. 6 % f) Ash – 0. 3 to 0. 8% g) Total solids (Brick) – 12 to 23 % PLANT LAYOUT: There is sufficient area in the cane yard for unloading. Boilers are in straight line with mill house and preparatory devices. Power turbine is between mill and boilers. Juice weighing scale is located at the mill from where it is easy to know the quantity of juice entering the boiler house. DM plant is located to the boiler section. BAGGASE Baggase is the first by-product of cane sugar production.The fibrous residual matter left out after extraction of sugar cane juice is known as baggase. It contains about 48. 50% moisture, 48. 0% fibred and 2. 40% sugar and other minor constituents. It has been mainly used as fuel in boiler to raise steam. Nowadays it can be used for paper production. FILTER CAKE It is obtained from the cane juice, which is used as manure. In the process of clarification, the hot limed juice is delivered to large setting tanks. Horizontal compartments or tragus enable mud to slow down, and each having over flow take off clarified juice. The mud’s separating in the settling tanks is pumped to rotary filters.Here they are filtered under vacuum using some Powdered bagasse (bagacillo) as a filter aid. The PH of the mud to be filtered will be around 7. 5. the temperature of sludge is maintained around 60 C to enable effective filtration. The cake is continuously washed on the filter and some sugar is recovered here. The cake is rich in protein and waxes. MOLASSES Molasses is one of the important by-products; its production depends on the total quantity of cane crushed as well as varies from region. T he increases in the percentage of sucrose in molasses greatly affect the final quantity of sugar. molasses is the final effluent obtained in the preparation of sugar by repeated crysllization; it is the heavy viscous liquid from which no further sugar can be crystallized by the usual methods. WATER Commercial molasses have an average water content of 20%. The original end-products in the factory contain 12-17% water. The principal sugar present in the molasses is sucrose, glucose and fructose the later two making up the reducing sugars. The alkaline degradation of sucrose leads not only to glucose and fructose but also to psicose and other carbohydrates.Molasses sometimes contain another non-reducing sugar namely the trisacharide ketoses. QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT: By the term quality control, we mean the process of control where the management tries to confirm the quality of the product in accordance with the predetermined standards and specification. It is a systematic control of those variables that affects the excellence ultimate products. OBJECTIVES OF QUALITY CONTROL; The following are the main objectives of quality control department: To assess the quality of the raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished products at various stages of production process.To see whether the product confirms to the pre-Determined standard and specifications and whether it satisfies the need of the customers. To issue the stores on proper authorizations and to proper persons following correct procedure and of course, within least possible time. WORK PERFORMED BY QUALITY CONTROL UNIT: * To see that the sugar properly granulated and is in the shape of cubes. * To see if the color of that sugar is white in color and if not return then for reprocessing. * The check whether the density of sugar cube is 650 microns. * The check the sweetness level of sugar by performing various chemical experiments.GODOWNS: Fro storing sugar and the other by-product separate godowns have be en arranged by the SSCSM. The godowns have been constructed and machines such as conveyor belts have been arranged so that sacks of sugar can be easily stacked and easily counted. Sugar godowns are always kept dark and no electric lines pass near it to avoid any outbreak of fire. The temperature and humidity levels are kept at optimum levels so as to store the sugar for long period. SSCSM there are two godowns maintains. This godowns capacity for 40000 tones (god own I is 30000 tones and god own II is 10000 tones)DUTIES OF GODOWN KEEPER: * The god own keeper is in charge of god own and he maintains all the details regarding the god own. * This work is continuous in nature. * He maintains records as to the incoming and outgoing stock of sugar and other by-product. SALES DEPARTMENT SALES DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE OF SALES DEPARTMENT Chief Administrative Officer Assistant Sales Manager Sales Ass Clerk Sales function is a very vital phase of the company. Actually, the major problem of today ’s company is not that of production but is that of sale.With the immense competition at every step of marketing, the problem of sales has outstripped the problem of production. Sales department is one of the important departments in SSCSM. Staffing pattern of Sales Department: Sales in charge _ senior clerk – junior clerk _ At tender Sales process: Sugar: The government of gopalapuram initiates the sales process of the mill. The government grants release order to the mill according to the [email  protected] 10% of manufactured white sugar is sold to Government societies and controlled rate and the rest 90% is allowed to be sold in the open market.The mill for such open market sale has appointed agent and he agent is Tamil Nadu Co-operative sugar federation Ltd. , Chennai. Rates levied by mill for sugar supplied to the government societies: Particulars| Amt,(Rs. )| Sale price (100kg. )| 1826. 54| Excise duty| 52. 00| Total | 1878. 54| Rates levied by the mill for sug ar sold to the open market through agent: Particulars| Amt. (Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 2865. 00| Excise duty| 85. 00| Total | 2950. 00| By- products Apart from selling white sugar, the mill is also engaged in selling the by- products, which are sold following rates.Sales activities regarding Molasses: Sales activities regarding Bagasse Sales activities regarding Filter- mud Sales activities regarding Molasses Molasses are the residues that are left over as concentrated cane juice is converted into sugar seed. Molasses are oil like residues and are disposed off by the mill in the open market. Sales Department is concerned with the sale of molasses and the method it adopts in disposing them is as follows: The Sales Department, at the end of each financial year places an advertisement in the newspapers inviting tenders from the interested and eligible persons and corporations.The last date for receiving tenders is fixed in the tenders and at the lapse of time, the tenders received till date are compared and the company quoting the highest rate is selected. The molasses are supplied to this company at the throughout the year. Normally, breweries and manufactures of alcohol are the purchasers of molasses and they supplied at the following rates: Particulars| Amt. (Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 1200. 00| Excise duty| 50. 00| Total| 1250. 00| Sales activities regarding Bagesse:Bagesse is the woody residue that is leftover as the juice from the cane is fully extracted. The Bagesse so extracted is largely used for generating power for the mill use. The sales Department dispose of the remaining Bagesse in the same manner as molasses. Tenders are invited alongside with molasses and are floated in the open market. Just like the sales process of molasses, the quotations is selected are successful contenders supplied Bagasse throughout the year. Normally, paper mills are the purchasers of Bagasse and the same is disposed off in the following rates Particulars| Amt. Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 600. 00| Excise duty| 50. 00| Total | 650. 00| Sales activities regarding Filter-mud Filter mud separated from centrifugal. This mud is used for agricultural purposes. Particulars| Amt. 9Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 23. 00| Excise duty| 0. 00| Total | 23. 00| Further, the Sales Department is in charge of disposing off scrapped machineries and tools which are sold at auction. Book maintained by Sales Department: * Sales Day Book * Sales Returns Book Sales Day Book: The mill in the sales day records all sales transaction.This register contains the details of the sales made by the mill. Sales Returns Book: This register contains the details of the sales returns made by the due to defective quality of material or damaged goods FINANCE DEPARTMENT FINANCE DEPARTMENT accounting is an ancient art, which was followed mainly to record transactions of the business to satisfy the requirements imposed by the fiduciary relationship between the business such as creditors , financial institution, etc. it is the skeleton part of every organization without which an organization is difficult to survive.However, the modern accounting is much more development and scientific where they use accounting principles for taking decisions and plans accordingly Duties of Accountants: * To control the activities of accounts department and ensure its smooth functioning. * To take responsibility of maintenance of accounts. * To fix the norms of expenditure and instruct the sub-ordinates to comply with them. * To prepare annual accounts and publish them. * To supply financial information to the concerned persons. Functions of Accounts Department: * Maintaining cashbook and bankbook. * Preparing debit and credit notes. Posting journals to ledger books. * Maintaining general ledger book. * Preparing the Trial Balance, profit and loss account and Balance sheet. Books maintained by the Accounts Department: Subsidiary books: Subsidiary books are prepared to record day to a ctivities of the mail. The subsidiary books include purchase books, sales books, purchase returns book, sales returns book, etc General Ledger: Journal entries are posted to the General Ledger books and in the SSCSM, the General Ledger books may be classified as follows: Capital ledger books: * Capital ledger book is a composite of the following books: * Shape capital book. General reserve book. * Sundry creditors. * Sundry debtors. * Fixed asset. Purchase ledger. Expense and other incomes ledger. Vouchers: Vouchers are the documentary evidence in support of the transactions in the books of accounts. Vouchers are receipt or document showing the payment of money. Accounts Departments of SSCSM prepares:1)Cash vouchers. 2)Bank vouchers. Cash vouchers: Cash vouchers are prepared for all the transactions involving the cash payment upto Rs. 500. Bank vouchers: Bank vouchers are documents made either through bank or for directly for the supporting of the mill.Journals: Journals are the pri me entries of transactions which help in the preparation of ledger accounts. In SSCSM, the journals book is a loose-left book and entries are entered in a paper and then filed. These entries are recorded whenever transactions occur. Depreciation Schedule: The SSCSM follows written down method of computing depreciation and recorded separately. Debit Note: If a part of the consignment is returned for certain reasons or the invoice is found to have been wrongly overcharged, a debit note is prepared and sent to the supplier.Credit note: If the invoice is understated as to the amount, a credit note is sent to the supplier effecting adjustment in accounts. Bank reconciliation statement: Sometimes it happens that passbook does not agree with the cashbook maintained by the accounts department. To overcome this difference, a bank reconciliation statement is prepared by the account department. I. Trial balance Trial balance is the summarized statement showing the debit and credit balance of t he ledger account and states the accuracy of the accounting process by balancing both sides.II. Trading and profit & loss account: Trading and profit & loss is a statement showing the expenses and incomes relating to the production and administration activities of the mill. III. Balance sheet: Financial position of the mill is ascertained in the balance sheet which is a composite of assets and liabilities. PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT: Personnel department is the most important department in any organization, which deals with most important factor that factor. This department is primarily concerned with human relationship with the company.The personnel function is concerned procurement, development, compensation, , maintenance, records, research and audit of the personnel of an organization for the contributing towards the accomplishment of the organization’s major goals or objectives of the organizations. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION: Department is the most important wining in the organization, planning, developing and co-coordinating the human resource committees department. HR is working under the direct control of the factory manger.The HR department is one of the important departments, which looks the whole department in the organization. The hr department in SSCSM is full control over the safety, welfare, security, administration in the organization. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: * To determine in company promotion. * To develop the full potential of employees and the departments. * To facilities selection and appointment. * To help the management for developing and training programs. * To help to identify the worthy people. * To support wage and salary administration. FUNCTION OF HRD: The main function of this department is to control allocate and co-ordinate the employees. Recruitment of staff, workers, etc. , in co-ordination with the department heads. Maintains of proper personnel records and files for staffs and fol low up of the matters concerned with the increments, promotion, allowances, leave etc. * To maintain proper liaison with the accounts department regarding payment of wages etc. , by giving proper information regarding increase of wages and other claims etc. Working hours are strictly maintained by way of punching system with fully computerized mechanism. ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP OF HRD:The Human Resource Department in SSCSM works very effectively to obtain the objectives of the company, in a sugar factory, Human force is the main machine used to produce the sugar, therefore maintaining good relationship among the person is essential, this is possible and effective through the proper functioning of Human Resource Department. SPECIAL OFFICER DEPUTY MANAGER STAFF TIME OFFICE RECRUITMENT: To process of filling the various positions in an organization by selecting suitable and qualified person are called as recruitment, In Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd recruitment is done in two ways.Application are called for through advertisement in newspapers, The details of the position, scale of pay, qualification needed, experience required and other details are also published, Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd is followed the principle Hire Ship employment, through the voluntary retirement scheme (VRS) any employee can get retirement and provide an opportunity for his son or son-in-law to get a job in the organization. SELECTION: The selection interview is the formalities arranged to select highly intellectual genetic and creative staff to the company, the skills are tested appointment.After receiving the application from candidates for the vacancies, they will be called for selection, they selection is two types. WORKING HOURS: Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd works continuously for 7 days in a week and are rightly supported by the employees, the time schedule is strictly followed and maintained, The employees can take 5 minutes as late, salary will be reduced according to the standing order, Monthly one hour permission is allowed by the company. PAYMENT OF WAGES: As per payment of wages act 1936. pesonnel department is sole responsible for the payment of wages.Every month of 1st day the employees are allowed to get wages. There is no delay in payment. Following are the deductions made from wages. * Recovery of loan * Loss of pay for absent * Standard deduction * Co-operative society bill * Insurance CONTRACT LABOUORS: * Security * Sugar loading * Sugar unloading * Stores materials loading and unloading * Civil works * Garden maintenance There are 3 Shift timing is as follows; 1st Shift – 6am to 2pm – 278workers 2nd Shift – 2pm to 10pm – 262workers 3rd Shift – 10pm to 6am – 250workers GENERAL SHIFT:Workers – 8. 30am to 5. 00pm Staff – 9. 00am to 5. 00pm Lunch Time – 1. 00pm to 1. 30pm General shift is engaged with 196 employees, totally there are 380 em ployees including officers. Manufacturing – 101workers and officials Engineering – 147workers and officials Cane – 74workers and officials Administration – 58workers and officials The company strictly follows the attendance for the employees. The exemption and permission are granted only for 5 minutes.After the time lag of 5minutes, the employee is marked as ‘Late’. If the employee is late by 10minutes of his shift time the employee is concerned as ‘Absent’. In SSCSM, computers are used to maintain the attendance of the employee. Each employee is allotted with a card namely â€Å"Punched card†. On the arrival, the employee inserts the card into the card-reader of the computer. The computer registered his name and marked the attendance automatically into its memory. The person in the time office checks this entry and everyone is having a â€Å"code word†. TYPES OF THE WORKERS: * Permanent workers-187 * Seasonal worke r-170employees Non-seasonal worker/regular workers-102employees * Trainees-2 * Government Apprentices-1 * Casual workers-10 LEAVE: * Routine leave * Sick leave * Privilege leave * Casual leave * Holidays * Gratuity Routine leave: Seventh day of every week is provided as routine leave for all the staff and is considered as a holiday. Sick leave: The sick leave is allowed for 7 days to the workers during their sick periods. But 30 days credit is allowed for each employee and they should submit a doctor’s certificate. Privilege leave: Those workers who have worked for more than one year are eligible to enjoy the privilege leave.Staffs and workers are eligible for 19 days. The workers can keep unto 30 days as credit and staffs unto 42 days as credit in their account and any leave more than 42 days is considered as absent. The workers have to work 20 days to reduce one day in his privilege leave account. Casual leave: Each worker is allowed 10 days as casual leave without any cons ideration. Holidays: Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd allowed holidays for 9days, which includes 4 nationals holidays. Any employee is working on these days is eligible to get double wages. EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND: All employees are eligible for provident fund contribution. 2%empolyee’s contribution and 12% employer’s contribution. After completion of 7years the employees can apply for loan. Ex: Medical expenses, children’s marriage, construction of house etc. The following forms are used in SSCSM: Form 2 – nomination Form 12 notify net balance Form 3A yearly account Form10C scheme certificate Form10D pension Form 13 TRANSFER OF PF/EPF A/C Form 19 claiming of PF PENSION: Pension fund was introduced since 1995.The employees are allowed to get 8. 33% as pension. The employees are eligible for pension, if he is service after the age of 58 of workmen compensation Act. This fund is called employees deposits. Linked insurance (EDLI), after is all owed up to maximum Rs. 62. 500 at the time of his death. BONUS: Bonus is given to all employees according to the provisions of payment of bonus Act. The company provides 20. 7% as bonus SAFETY: The management takes various steps to ensure safety for the employees. All the regulations as per the factories Act, the welfare for the employees are strictly followed. MEDICAL FACILTIES:The employees are provided with the free medical service in the factory. There is a doctor’s available in the campus for 3 hours in a day and a staff nurse for all 24 hours. UNIFORMS: The workers are provided with sales of new uniforms every year. The color of the uniforms employees. The company also provides shoes, gloves and jackets to specific workers in the plant. CANTEEN: Canteen is run by the management. It provides food and tea at a subsidized rate. The company provides tea without cost. It is supplied on the spot in morning and evening at 11’o clock respectively. The company provides te a and biscuits to the workers who in night shift.COMMUNICAION: The communication procedure followed is very efficient. The message is conveyed with the help of circulars and notices to the employees and the oral communication system is followed. Intercom facilities are available for works. Public telephone is provided for the workers can be used by paying for the same. CIVIL SECTION: The civil section department concentrates on all civil works which is necessary both inside and outside the factory. It maintains the following things. * Drivers’ rest room * Cane growers rest room * Water supply * Quarters * Employers rest room and * Road maintenance PROBLEMS AND ISSUSESProblems and issues Internship training is one of the important part in MBA, internship training gives lot of benefits to the students; they are getting the practical knowledge in all aspects. While studying theoretically they don’t know the actual accurate meaning of a topic, but internship training givin g that. At the same time some problems also happened during the internship training, most of the industries don’t allow the students for the internship training, because they don’t like to publish their company matters in to the external factors and also they don’t like to disturb their employees work.There are several problems during the internship training that are classified in to: Problem faced by student I met a lot of problems during the internship training program; the company didn’t allow me for do my training. After five days from the starting stage only got permission that too by the recommendation. They told me a lot of instructions at first i. e, they don’t to give the exact financial information and they didn’t allow to take a photos of the machinery they gave me the booklet of the machinery, from which I got some ideas about production process.I was permitted 3 days a week for visiting the machinery that too in the early mornin g or in the after noon section. Because that time only the machinery in the shutdown stage During the working progress they don’t allow me inside the production plant, they feel that it is not safe for me, but if they have allowed me it will be little bit helpful for me to understand the production rather than now. Inside the production plant there are large number of glass powder dusts in the floors and walls, which made some defects in my skin. problem faced by the Organization: Last year all the employees strike at four times. For the reason of they want to salary for their qualification and their level based. * Government announced your requested is going on but till now this problem not solved. FINDING AND SUGGESTION FINDING AND SUGGESTION This Coop. Sugar Mills records shows that gradual improvements and depressions continued successively. Because of some factors like government policies in setting minimum support price for sugarcane, levy for sugar trade, less quality sugarcane, monsoon failure and other factors.In financial aspect, level of debt is high when compared to their equity’s position. So, this is riskier for this sugar mill. My suggestion for this sugar mill is try to get stimulus package from Government. This Government undertaking co-operative sugar mill’s main objective is to provide service not for profit. So in this type of situation, this mill must require some financial help from our Government to continue this type of services. Also by implementing Co-Generation, Distillery and Ethanol Projects, the Mill relieve from the clutches of financial burden and survive in the coming years.The production machinery is all has heavy damage so its need for change new one its will be increase the output level and produce more quality product. A government takes the action means easily solve problem and avoid stick getting higher production. The standard norm for the current ratio is 2:1. from the study it is inferred that the current ratio of the firm is almost satisfying the standard norm and from the financial position itself we can find that the company’s financial position is sufficient.From the study it is inferred that the quick ratio of the company is fluctuating over the years The study period which is also showing a fluctuating trend, decline in the cash ratio is because of payment of credit and unavailability of cash in hand. The inventory turnover ratio is indicates favorable over the year The debtors turnover ratio increasing and decreasing the every years The fixed assets of the company from 2006-2007 to 2010-2011 is fluctuating. The FATR ratio is also indicating a fluctuating tendency.In an decreasing trend of fixed assets. The forecasted value of working capital shows increasing value of a deficiency of working capital. Due to increase in sale The forecasted value of sales shows an increasing trend. The forecasted value of profit shows an increasing trend. The forecasted value of cu rrent asset shows an increasing trend. SUGGESTIONS Current year net profit ratio better than 2007-2008 because of positive results The current ratio in 2007-2008 Cash ratio increase the every year, so able to spend the office expenses.Inventory holding period increase the current year. The debtors of the company is increasing over the years, company should adopt a competent credit policy to attract the customers. Increasing debtors is a solution to overcome the liquidity problem. The amount of working capital of the company is increasing the last four years. So the company should increase the current assets by increasing its cash and bank balance. The company can reduce the cost of production and try to improve its profitability. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION OF THE TRAINING:The co-operative sugar mills Ltd is a government undertaken mill functioning under the control of administrator and other officers. From the viewpoint of office management, the mill is following standard systems and pro cedures and with qualified and experienced staff, is functioning satisfactorily. The mill plays a vital role in uplifting the economy of the rural areas and provides employment opportunities in employing persons in cane fields and in the factory as well. It contributes substantially to the total sugar production and its endeavor to manufacture exportable quality of sugar is noteworthy effort.Thus, the Siva Subramanian co-operative sugar mills Ltd is a boon to the developing economy mohanur and places of Tamilnadu as well. So the company can go in the same direction and take necessary steps to improve the sale. It is high time for co-operative sugar mills to formulate certain policies to keep a well monitored its sale in the competitive market for better profitability, reliability, consistency. If all the policies will adopt by a company in a proper way and to utilize the resources effectively then it will sure that the company will reach its high profit.