Examine the Impact of Multinational Corporations Setting up in Developing Countries Essay

There has been a very controversial debate over years now about the impact of multinational corporations setting up in developing countries, which have many supporters as well as opponents. Surely there is not only one way to look at this more and more common phenomenon that affects the host countries in many both positive and negative ways that are discussed in this paper. The term multinational corporations (MNCs) is used â€Å"to identify firms that have extensive involvement in international business and engage in foreign direct investment (FDI). MNCs own and control value-adding activities in more than one country that are usually coordinated from central headquarters† (Griffin and Pustay, 2005). The investment of MNCs in the developing countries has greatly increased since the mid-1980s, because of globalization as they looked for new resources and larger markets (Greer and Singh, 2000). Presently, there are over 35,000 multinational corporations with more than 15,000 foreign subsidiaries, which is around one-third of the whole world production. Their value is estimated to be more than $1.5 trillion, one-third of which in the developing countries (GhanaWeb, 2012). The developing countries with most multinational investment are those with highest growth potential like Asian countries: China, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Latin American ones: Mexico, Argentina and Brazil. The African countries get less than 4% while the poorest 50 countries worldwide receive less than 2%. Over a half of business activities of MNCs deal with manufacturing and services and one-third with oil and gas (GhanaWeb, 2012). According to the report by the Institute for Policy Studies out of 100 lar gest world economies, based on corporate sales and country GDPs, 49 of those economies are countries while the other 51 are multinational corporations. Also, it is stated that the sales of the Top 200 corporations are equal to the 27.5 percent of world economic activity (Institute for Policy Studies, 2012). These numbers show how powerful MNCs are and how  important they are to the world economy, but what is their impact on the developing countries? On the one hand, multinational corporations setting up in developing countries have a very positive effect on their host countries. First of all they provide direct employment to local people and transfer of skills through education and experience. They also affect the indirect employment through paying rent for land or buildings and cooperating with local suppliers, who now have more demand and must deliver higher quality products. As residents have more chances for income they can purchase more and improve their standards of living, while there is generally greater selection and availability of goods and services. The standard of living of local people in some developing countries like Bermuda, the Bahamas, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan has improved largely after the investment of multinational corporations there (Action Institute, 2012). In addition, attracting foreign investment in the developing countries results in economic growth and higher national income. Such countries are usually better off with higher development rates, higher exports, lower imports and additional tax revenues coming from the multinational corporations. For instance, when Toyota started working in Georgetown, Kentucky it paid $1.5mln in property taxes, which was around one-fourth of the town’s municipal budget. By attracting foreign direct investment developing countries will also make substantial tax revenues that can be later on spent on health care, education and other domestic needs (Griffin and Pustay, 2005). In order to attract foreign direct investment local governments many times compete with each other to offer better conditions to multinational investors and lower the income taxes for their corporations. Yet they still get great amounts of money from the corporations that they would not get otherwise. Moreover, when moving into developing countries multinational corporations transfer technology and skill with them. There are also great improvements made to the local infrastructure to allow the effective operation of the corporations (Action Institute, 2012). That is a very important aspect for the developing countri es as it improves their development and brings them at least a bit closer to the developed countries. Developing countries get an update on technology that people get used to and learn to work on, while the whole local society benefits from improved infrastructure like better roads, telecommunications etc. On the  other hand, multinational corporations can have a very negative effect on the developing countries. They are a very strong direct competition to local firms that are forced to shut down and due to their political and economic power they have advantages given by the local governments over small, national or start-up businesses. An example of such additional advantages to multinational corporations over local firms include lower taxation, less strict laws and less bureaucracy in setting up and later on operating the business activities. This results in unfair competition, while shutting up local firms leads to unemployment and in some cases monopoly (Global Issues, 2012). Furthermore, due to their great size and wealth multinational corporations usually gain great economic and political power that can be misused. They usually have big influence on the local governments and are quite often associated with corporate corruption, bribery, lobbying or sponsoring politics campaigns during elections. As the corporations grow bigger they have a greater concentration of wealth, power and influence in the local area. The local authorities often face the threat of multinational corporations withdrawing the local market in case of stricter laws, higher taxation or other problems. In cases when multinational corporations really withdrew such markets, the whole process had a devastating effect on local economy strongly dependant on the foreign investment rates of unemployment went up and rates of economic growth went down at once (Adeyeye, 2012). Additionally, since multinational corporations can afford the best lawyers and accountants they are recognized for their large scale tax avoidance especially through mispricing transfers and false invoicing. In 2008 it was estimated that the developing world loses $160bn a year in tax revenue from only those two forms of tax avoidance (Global Issues, 2012). Not to mention the fact that local governments usually give corporations the privilege of lower taxation in order to attract the foreign investment. Unfortunately, the developing countries usually do not have the expertise, knowledge, wealth and power to address such issues. The multinational corporations are also known for their way of doing business: profit over people and their human rights. The reason why they decide to invest in host countries is to cut costs and maximise profits. If the cost of doing business was the same in home and host countries no company would decide to take such a great risk to expand overseas without any additional benefits. A great opportunity for  corporations is cutting costs in one of the most expensive factors of production: labour. Everyone has heard of cases of labour abuse, extremely low wages, child labour, poor working conditions and no health care in plants owned by multinational corporations in developing countries. In cases when local governments want to intervene and impose stricter laws on work safety, wages or even pollution controls they often have to deal with threats of market withdrawal and loss of foreign investment (Global Issues, 2012). Nevertheless, the wages paid to local workers seem low by western standards, but in local standards are acceptable and are much better than not having a job at all. Many multinational corporations like Nike have taken important steps to improve the working conditions of their employees in developing countries. Few years ago Nike was criticized for the poor working conditions and hard women and child labour in its plants in China, but the company w as not aware of these problems as it was subcontracting with Asian manufacturers. Nowadays the company works more closely with subcontractors on issues concerning employee rights and working conditions in its overseas plants (The World Bank Group, 2012). Last but not least, many opponents to the phenomenon of multinational corporations setting up in developing countries claim that the only reason they decide to invest in host countries is to gain access to their precious natural resources. These corporations exploit the non-renewable natural resources of developing countries like oil or gas for much less than their actual value. In exchange they negatively affect the local environment by polluting air, land and water through mining, auto, oil and chemical corporations. Then residents are left with no drinking water and diseases caused by heavily polluted environment like in China or India. However, small local firms also pollute the environment (on a smaller scale) and the issue needs stricter government regulations (The World Bank Group, 2012). Since these corpor ations do everything to keep their costs down and maximise their profits, they use non-environmentally friendly methods of production and non-renewable resources and get rid of production waste in a dangerous way. It is the government’s responsibility to make sure these corporations protect the environment through imposing regulations, controlling and making sure they are put in practice. To sum up, multinational corporations have both positive and negative impact on developing countries they are setting up in. They give employment to local people and improve their standards of living, bring economic growth, higher national income and tax revenues, not to mention the transfer of technology and skills. However, they are serious competition to local businesses, often violate human rights, practice tax avoidance, misuse their economic and political power, exploit the local natural resources and harm the environment. The developing countries have the most need for foreign direct investment from the multinational corporations in order to catch up with the developed countries in their economic development, but they are the most at risk of exploitation and have the least power to resist it. Multinational corporations can bring many benefits to local societies as a result of their business activities, but this is surely not their initial aim. The purpose of these giant firms is to make the biggest possible profits at the smallest cost. They do not invest in host countries for humanitarian reasons a nd they will not bother to put additional effort or spend additional money to improve certain issues on their own without having a gain in doing so. This is the role local governments and societies should take and strongly insist on. Especially the local authorities should keep power and control strongly, not let the corporations be excessively large and powerful or affect the local communities in a negative way. Multinational corporations can be engines of positive change in the developing countries, but the local authorities should always keep in mind the overall good of their people and land, not only in the short but also in the long run and set favourable agreements and strict regulations that will benefit and protect the residents and the environment. That is because if following all the demands of corporations, local communities have much more to lose than the investment; precious natural resources, residents’ health and welfare and clean environment once gone cannot b e returned. Bibliography Adeyeye, A. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries: Perspectives on Anti-Corruption. Cambridge University Press. London, UK. Griffin, R. and Pustay, M. (2005). International Business. A Managerial Perspective. Prentice Hall, New York, USA. Greer, J. and Kavaljit, S. (2000). A Brief History of Transnational Corporations. Corpwatch. Global Policy Forum. Jones, G.& George, J. (2008). Contemporary Management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. New York, USA. Online Articles Action Institute. Multinational Corporations in the Third World: Predators or Allies in Economic Development? http://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-2-number-5/multinational-corporations-third-world-predators-o. Accessed 2/05/2012. GhanaWeb. Multinational Corporations and the Developing World. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=171863. Accessed 3/05/2012. Global Issues. The Rise of Corporations. http://www.globalissues.org/article/234/the-rise-of-corporations. Accessed 4/05/2012. Institute for Policy Studies. Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power. http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/top_200_the_rise_of_corporate_global_power. Accessed 2/05/2012. The World Bank Group. Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries and Corporate Social Responsibility. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/bSPAN/presentationView.asp?EID=417&PID=827. Accessed 3/05/2012.

Financial institution

Bridgecorp is a financial institution that operates in New Zealand and in Australia (McNabb). As a financial institution it is their responsibility to make sure that the investments of their respective investors will earn profit in a respectively manner. We all know that crises came along in every instance we face in our business. With regards to the concern of Bridgecorp, we know that they have suffered from crises that have led to the collapse of their financial institution.As a business sector, it is expected that there will come a time that they will be facing such problems and with this they need to sacrifice a portion of what they have to make sure that the crises that will come along their way will not have any more conflicts with respect to their business. Yet on the first place, it should also be common to any business that they should look forward to possible problems lying along their way. In this manner they will have at least an idea to overcome such problems and to avoi d further complications that these problems can bring to their business.With respect to Bridgecorp, we have been given the chance to know that they have been given a 3. 5 out of 5 rating y a certain agency which aims to give rating to financial institutions based upon their effectiveness as a business sector (Davies). Yet, what we did not have is the chance to know about the criteria from where the rating came. Having a rating of 3. 5 out of 5 means that Bridgecorp is a financial institution that gives a respectfully, good quality service to their clients and investors (Davies). This rating was given on February and should have an effectiveness that will last until November (Davies).But by the month of November we have know that Bridgecorp have been undergoing several operations in an attempt to save the institution to a near closure. We have known that by this time Bridgecorp has already been suffering from crises that have led them to a situation where they should sell their prope rties in order to regain something out of nothing they might have in case the institution will be closed in no time. As to the respectful agency who gave a 3. 5 out of 5 rating to Bridgecorp, they should have look further to the capability of Bridgecorp to operate in the long run.The agency should have also look at the present health of Bridgecorp as a financial institution. They should have seen if Bridgecorp still have the ability to their jobs well. As we have known, Bridgecorp came up to a point where they came up short upon the cash flow regarding the payment for their maturing term debenture stock deposits, interest on loans and the capital notes (McNabb). From such situation these shows that any financial institution who are coming up short regarding their payments have something wrong going on behind the scene.Having investors close to 18000 individuals and an investment being estimated to be $600 million these show that there are a lot of people who entrust their money to B ridgecorp (McNabb). And according to this information, a little shortage regarding the budget and funds of Bridgecorp will show a large amount of money and if it turned out to be a net loss then it only shows that Bridgecorp have lost a large amount of money. Once a financial institution have lost a great amount of money it will eventually turn out that they should have made such actions to have refund of what they have lost.They should make ways in where they can regain what they have lost. In such manner, the fund raising ability of the institution should double their work in an attempt to regain their lost and if possible to have a higher income. But, on the blind side that we have seen after the collapse of Bridgecorp, we have known that the fund researchers of Bridgecorp have been misinterpreting their duty (Cruickshank). The fund researchers of Bridgecorp turn out to be ineffective and show that they have not performed their duties very well which is very vital to the sensitiv e situation that Bridgecorp have undergone (Cruickshank).As their fund researchers fail to do their job, given that their financial institution is in a situation where they are being close to disclosure, Bridgecorp had lost the chance of having a great back up in terms of their shortage in their cash flows (Cruickshank). If only their fund researchers have been able to find such ways to support their shortage of funds and if possible if they have been able to manage an activity where they will earn extra profit that could help them have an additional income then it could have been a great help to the situation of the financial institution.Also according to surveys, it runs out that most of the investors are looking forward to the interests that the financial institution is giving rather than the reputation that the financial institution has (Benett). It turned out that it doesn’t matter whether the financial institution can give the investors a high rate security regarding th eir investments. Investors on their views at their investments to be a sure-earning investment and it should have a profit in every time that it has been handled by the financial institution (Benett).In effect to Bridgecorp it turns out that in order to have more investors then they should give higher interests upon the investments being handled to them. It could have been great if only Bridgecorp have been able to manage the investments properly. According to a source, Bridgecorp has not been able to lend the investments to other investors in order to earn profits. This is opposite to the point of view of Bridgecorp’s investors. Bridgecorp’s investors were confident that their investments were earning profit as it was being lent to other investors.With such lack in action like this, Bridgecorp have lost another way of earning profit from the investments of their investors and at the same time they should still pay the interest they should give to the investments they are handling. Thus, it means that instead they should have been earning from the investments they are handling then these investments have lured them closer to disclosure. As an action to then upcoming collapse of Bridgecorp, their management had come up to the point where they have decided to sell Bridgecorp’s properties.In doing so, they think that they can have an income from the sell profit of the financial institution rather than losing more as they were trying to revive their financial institution. As they were trying to revive their financial institution they have found out that instead of having profits from their actions and activities reviving the institution they are on the other hand losing more as their investors are pulling out their investments from Bridgecorp leaving them less capital to revive their financial institution.At the act of selling the financial institution, Bridgecorp have been able to use the previous rating that they have earned from a certain c ompany (Ryan). They have been able to use the high rating they have earned in order to have a higher price offer to Bridgecorp as it was being sold. Yet, the rating is not the only factor to be considered if the management of Bridgecorp wants to sell their financial institution at a higher price. Advertisements and other factors like the reputation of the institution have played a very vital role in the essence of giving Bridgecorp a higher value (Ryan).Being the only way they have by then, Bridgecorp’s management have agreed that they should no longer try to revive their financial institution but it is rather an advantage for them if they will sell its properties because buy selling the properties of Bridgecorp they will still have a chance to at least earn rather than continue losing their assets as they try to find ways to revive the institution. In such manner, the collapse of Bridgecorp has happened. It started from the lack of focus on the duties of the management until they have realized that it was too late to revive the financial institution they once have.From the misinterpretations of duties to lack of efforts towards their duties came up the shortage to their cash flow which eventually leads to more complications and more net lost. If only they have given an immediate and proper action to then not yet full blown crises that the institution has suffered then it would have been possible that Bridgecorp has not yet collapsed and on the other hand could have been a financial institution with a stronger foundation. . References: McNabb, Denise. (2007, July 4. ). BRIDGECORP: Signs of a Troubled Company: The Independent Financial Review, p.4. Benett, Adam. (2007, August 21). Do your homework, investors warned. The New Zealand Herald, NEWSTALK ZB. Davies, Anthony. (2007, July 5). Bridgecorp collapse highlights role of ratings vs rankings. Retrieved Sept. 3, 2007. Ryan, Peter (2007) Ratings agencies criticized after Bridgecorp collapse Cruickshank, R ichard (2007, August 8). The important role of research – is it being misunderstood? Retrieved Sept. 3, 2007, from Seekingmedia. com. au < http://www. seekingmedia. com. au/news. php? newsid=133&PHPSESSID=5107571974ff403aafc27f779f500b64>

An Analysis of the Blind Optimism in Something Wicked This Way Comes, a Novel by Ray Bradbury

An Analysis of the Blind Optimism in Something Wicked This Way Comes, a Novel by Ray Bradbury While reading this book, I first struggled with the question of how it pertained directly to the class material. It seems almost as if the book is written as one long poem. While I was typing my exam, I began to take notice of similarities between the characters in the book and the over arching theme of optimism that I stressed in my paper. The first fifteen, or so, chapters describes one single day where we get to know the characters. In this section of the book we meet Will and Jim, two 13 year old boys. Jim is the more adventurous of the two boys and will is more reserved. It seems like he always follows Jim at a distance, but either way Jim can persuade him to do almost anything. We also meet Charles Halloway in this first part of the novel. He is Will’s father and works in the town library. In this early part of the novel I can relate to the attitudes that were present in America after the first World War. Jim represents America’s blind optimism in regards to creat ing in a utopia. Jim is all of the wall street speculators who believed there was no end to the rising stock prices. Will can be related to America’s more reserved side, he is equally ambitious but. Like I said, follows Jim at a distance. He lets Jim make mistakes but is always there to help him. Will plays a similar role to the presidents during the early half of the 1920’s. He doesn’t over regulate Jim but is always there to support him. Will’s father Charles Halloway is the lessons that we don’t learn from history. His demeanor in the first part of the novel is that of sadness. There is a sense that he knows how the world really works and despite this he is still secretly intrigued by the arriving carnival. This is where Will gets his reserved side , similar to how presidents are always studiers of history. Will learns from the mistakes of his father. When the carnival finally arrives at town, members of the community such as the boys’ teacher Miss Foley, Mr. Cougar and the lightning rod salesman are all enticed and seduced by the carnival and the tattoo ed man that runs it. Mr. Dark has the ability to fulfill their desires but as a result these people will lose themselves to the carnival. This is similar to the theme of selling ones sole to the devil. The role Mr. Dark Plays is in our history textbooks is that of money. The members of the community are so blinded by the spectacle of the carnival(the stock market in 1921-1928) that all they see is an optimistic future ahead. Jim is one of these people enticed by the carnival. He also follows blindly. As the evil nature of the carnival is revealed, one can relate it to the stock market crash in 1929. As a result of people being over optimistic, they face negative consequences. Towards the end of the novel while Will and his father attempt to save Jim and end the carnival, they play a role similar to that of Presidents, Hoover and FDR, who attempt to restore America through their economic and social plans after the 1929 crash. At the end of the novel Jim(the optimism of the American people) has ended up confused and close to death. Will and Charles halloway save Jim by dancing and laughing. Jim’s revival symbolizes the countrys return to normalcy through the industry that happens during WWII. This brings us into the current day where the people of Green Town and people in modern day America still have the same opportunities to make mistakes or succeed through optimism. As far as a review go’s I did not enjoy the book that much. The writing was a little too poetic for my taste. I am more of a non fiction fan. I was reading it looking for it’s historical significance. The book serves the purpose of an allegorical reference to the optimist ic and foolish hopes of Americans.

The Printmaker and Painter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Printmaker and Painter - Essay Example Studying printmaking enabled him to communicate his artistic notions. He is particularly fond of printmaking as it can be extremely spontaneous and complex; in addition, the combinations and methodologies offered in printmaking lead to endless opportunities. His work stands out as it appears as contemporary as graffiti, although the roots of printmaking can be traced back to the Middle Ages. For him, content is the determinant of the materials and printmaking methodologies that he employs, in the endeavor to push the simple art of printmaking to its limits. He has a deep-seated desire to explore various components of printmaking and draws inspiration from the work of Sean Hillen, Andy Warhol, Gerhard Richter, Jean-Michel Basquiat, and Rene Magritte. Printmaking is an unpredictable art technique as printmakers themselves are not sure of the image until the paper is revealed. More specifically, he utilizes etching to communicate his thoughts and notions. His prints are intricate and fu ll of technical details, perhaps as a response to the evolving and chaotic world around us. These prints are a reflection of his sentimental reaction to the passing of time and experiences. The artist uses biomorphic and geometric images to explore the limitations imposed by time and space and their impact on humans. These portray notions, emotions and various points in time. He follows no sequential order but instead manipulates materials and etching techniques to reproduce feelings. He is of the opinion that humans should not only view themselves as people but also need to consider themselves at various points of time and events. ‘A story of/for M’ has been inspired from the childhood tales narrated by his Russian grandmother, Marina.  Ã‚  

William Hill Marketing Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

William Hill Marketing Management - Case Study Example The mission of William Hill is to reach a  wider target audience and expend internationally. The potential markets of William Hill include Scandinavian countries where competition will be less than in other European countries. In the  UK, William Hill's marketing strategy can be based on students target audience. Service quality is used as a strategic weapon and the aim of William Hill is to maintain high-quality standards at costs lower than competitors'. Betting industry has maintained high-speed growth through the continuous optimization of its product/service mix and constant technological innovation. It has also realized rapid expansion through capital injections. Present day situation in betting industry is marked by two factor - specification, which is to do with the 'design quality' of service, and conformity, which is to do with the 'process' quality which is achieved are of particular importance to customers. Recent years the  UK has become a new center of world gambling. "The major firms, Ladbrokes, William Hill and Coral (the "Big Three"), who dominated the old world, now look like dinosaurs in the new landscape" (UK Betting Industry, 2004). This expansion is closely connected with Internet facilities and WWW which open international markets for these companies. "Spread betting firms have been increasing their share of the total betting market over the past three to four years eroding the high-end phone/net business" (UK Betting Industry, 2004). Be in one of the most highly rated industries for stability and success, betting industry offers an opportunity to everyone who wants to earn a high return. Recent years, a special attention has been paid to the law regulating gambling in order to secure customers and competitors in the industry (William Hill takes online betting further overseas, 2005). Segmentation (Johnson, Scholes, 1998) allows William Hill to divide up its market into customer groups or segments. Customers within a segment are similar to each other and dissimilar to other groups of customers in other segments. Consumer segmentation is: Non-user; Competitor's customer; low-value customer; high-value customer. Today, William Hill orients on the particular geographic area. In general, UK market represents an individual geographic market that offers great opportunities. Increasingly market researchers are turning to lifestyle analysis as a means of generating a clearer picture of their customers' behavior and thus their tendency to purchase different types of product. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) An examination of how strategy is formed gives useful insights into the nature of strategy itself. SWOT helps to analyze the position of a firm at a particular moment in time. The strength of William Hill airlines is that its goods obtained a very competitive position in the UK market. The brand has a hard core of loyal supporters. It develops lines of services to satisfy the needs of the wide audience, low-cost of the services. William Hill has maintained high-speed growth through the continuous optimization of its service mix and constant technological innovation (online services). In general, the UK betting market shows the highest rate of economic growth around the world.

Supply Chain Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Management - Case Study Example In this particular article, the authors mentioned the term core competency which can be defined as the collective learning and coordination skills behind the product lines of a firm (Hamel). It was further stated by the authors that core competencies are the main source of competitive advantage and hence they enable the firm to introduce an array of new products and services into the market. Competitive advantage is the critical advantage that a firm possesses in the market over a competitor in the industry. Almost all the firms in the market try to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage ((ICMR), Marketing Management). The other way of expressing the same would be - when sustained profits that are beyond the average industry profits are earned by a firm, then the firm is said to possess a competitive advantage over its competitors present in the market (Administration). The goal of much of the business strategy of every firm would be to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. There are two basic types of competitive advantages as identified by Michael Porter (Porter). They are the cost advantage and differentiation advantage. A firm that offers the consumer the same value as the competitors, but at a lower cost is said to possess cost advantage, whereas a company that offers superior value to its customers when compared to its competitors, possesses differentiation advantage. These two advantages are called positional advantages as they represent the firm's leading capability in the industry in either of these advantages. The resources of an organization along with its skills create unique competencies. These competencies, in turn, help the firm identify its cost or differentiation advantages and ultimately create value for the customers (Harvard Business Review). The resources of the organization include its brand value, technological know-how, patents and trademarks, and the goodwill of the firm in the market. The skills include its service quality, employee skills and efficiencies (Andrew C. Gross et al). Core Competencies are the basis for the development of core products. Core products are not the ones which are directly sold to the end-user. Instead, they are used in the manufacturing or building of a large array of end products. Let us consider an example of this. Motors are core products which can be used for the manufacturing of many end products like cars, air coolers etc. The business units of the firm are required to tap the few relative core products and then develop a number of end-products that can be used by the end-user by making use of the prevailing technology of core products.  Ã‚  

Que Onda Urban Youth Culture and Border Identity. BOOK Essay

Que Onda Urban Youth Culture and Border Identity. BOOK - Essay Example This means that the concept of identity is the people’s way of life and its effects on the political choice and affiliation. The author went further to postulate that the person’s identity may post a great challenge in the way the community relates to power and politics (Bejarano, 2005). Indeed, the aspects are more evidenced in the struggles, which characterize the cultural practices and social institutions about their daily lifestyle. In essence, the politics of identity determines the political direction along the boarder region (Bejarano, 2005). However, the fact that the cultural institutions and conditions in the area were extremely oppressive; it hindered the free articulation of the political situation. Notably, the only sign of relief on the politics of identity in the region would be a critical engagement and insight of the beliefs and cultural practices, considered to have significant impacts on the political players and scenes (Bejarano, 2005). For the Latinas/os along the boarder region, some of the factors, which influence identity development, include historical, biographical, institutional, and socio-cultural contexts (Bejarano, 2005). Notably, all the factors have meaningful contribution to the believability, intelligibility and relevance to the social context in the boarder region. On the historical factors, the Latinas/os have unique cultural beliefs that are considered to be controversial to the political development and affiliations, and the identity of the occupants (Bejarano, 2005). Notably, the historical oppression of the Latina/os could be traced from the American relationship with the Europeans. Though there were elements of multiculturalism in the region, the different groups of people, they had to hold their traditional cultural heritage as a form of identity (Bejarano, 2005). In addition, they had to acknowledge the oppression

Research paper on target population-18 yr. olds aging out of Foster Essay

Research paper on target population-18 yr. olds aging out of Foster Care System - Essay Example f individuals risk factors The factors that account for the varied outcomes of aged out individuals are influenced by quality care of foster care facility. Aged out individuals of foster care systems might become innocent victims of physical and emotional changes. Inadequate foster care ends up being more expensive to society because it generates incapable, inefficient suppressed future youth. Application of proactive measures and preventive tools should be taken by the organisations to control their exit out of foster care system. Positive events and quality care experienced by individuals in youth would definitely help them to achieve much more in their life. The strategies should be aimed to improve behavioral outcomes, enhance life satisfaction, and greater level of competence in activities of daily living. Foster care givers are committed to helping the children and young people who are physically, mentally, and/or socially abandoned. Government is responsible to take care of these youths. Local, state and Federal funding operates foster care services (Winder, 2007). When the individual turn 18 years, he/she is out of dependent foster care living system and has to start independent living. Moving into adulthood is important transformation in the span of human life. The individuals at this stage might not be physically and intellectually mature to take right decisions required to drive their future in a proper direction. Aged out individuals of foster care systems might become innocent victims of physical and emotional changes. Many times unfairly treated youth in foster care are saddened and get deeply hurt by surrounding forces. Plight of former foster care young people is of great concern. They might not be that strong to be own their own and stop relying on charity or handouts, whe n they are no longer part of foster care. The factors that account for the varied outcomes of aged out individuals are influenced by quality care of foster care facility.

The First Persian Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First Persian Gulf War - Essay Example The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. The war did not expand outside the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although Iraq fired missiles on Israeli cities.The Iraqi seizure of Kuwait was of immediate interest to the western capitalist societies because Iraq and Kuwait together would control approximately 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves (Kellner 9). With the potential wealth generated from future oil sales and control over oil prices, Saddam Hussein could play a major role on the world's political and economic stage. Consequently, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait produced a crisis for the world capitalist system, for U.S. and European economic interests, and for the stability of the Middle East. Iraq was not able to get control of Kuwaiti investments because much of their money had been transferred out of the country. Yet, rather than encouraging a diplomatic solution to the crisis that would return Kuwai t's sovereignty and secure the region, George Bush responded with a military intervention, which inexorably led to the Gulf war itself. Interest in the crisis increased when the U.S. claimed that Iraq might also invade Saudi Arabia, which was said to control 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves and an investment portfolio even larger than Kuwait's. George Bush, who had initially attacked the invasion as "naked aggression," heated up his rhetoric and declared on August 5 that the invasion "would not stand." Two days later, he sent thousands of troops to Saudi Arabia. The Bush administration had thus set the stage for the Gulf war by failing to warn Iraq of the consequences of invading Kuwait and then by quickly sending troops to Saudi Arabia while undercutting diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis (Frank 20). There was no single reason why the United States relentlessly pursued the military option in the crisis of the Gulf. Dissection of the underlying forces that led the Bush administration to pursue the war option reveals a complex web of political, economic, and military considerations. The Gulf war was not solely a war for oil, for the greater glory of George Bush and the Pentagon, or for the promotion of U.S. geopolitical supremacy in order to bolster a faltering U.S. economy, although all of these factors played a role in producing the war. Instead, the Gulf war was "overdetermined" and requires a multicausal analysis (Kellner 11-12). In 1990, Bush's presidency was facing severe domestic economic and political problems, including: a sky-rocketing deficit caused by Reagan's and Bush's astronomical defense-spending; a severe S&L, banking, and insurance crisis caused by Republican deregulation policies; and proliferating public squalor marked by growing homelessness, unemployment, economic deprivation, deteriorating cities with epidemics of crime and drugs, health problems such as AIDS, cancer, and the absence of a national health insurance program. These and many other problems were in part caused, or aggravated, by the policies of George Bush and his predecessor Ronald Reagan. Consequently, it was in George Bush's interest to divert attention from current crises and the potentially deteriorating economy with a scapegoat for the economic imbroglio produced by Republican economics. That is, Bush could claim that the economic problems were caused by Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait and the ensuing crisis that drov e up

Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations - Essay Example Include your personal definition of inclusion and diversity.  Describe what diversity encompasses, and explain the intersections of multiple forms of diversity in organizations. Diversity and inclusion is many things. In its most superficial definition, D&I is a legal mandate, a requirement for organizations to comply with, and which may open a firm to sanctions and penalties if found in violation of its provisions. However, diversity and inclusion should be more than mere compliance with a requirement. It should entail a change of heart and perspective. The core to D&I’s goals and aspirations is social reform, the eradication of barriers between perceived majority and minority groups which creates unjustified advantages for some and disadvantages for others on the basis of their affiliations. Diversity encompasses the treatment of people as people. Inclusion does not mean the elimination of difference so that all people are the same; it means treating people in the same man ner despite their differences, and even with the acknowledgement and celebration of these differences. Several of the readings in this course described diversity as a source of competitive advantage for organizations, where multifaceted skills and perspectives can be brought to the workplace in support of the company goals. While that is perfectly true, and companies should look to this advantage, it is not the essence of diversity and inclusion. Had it been, then D&I would have just been a means of taking advantage of people’s differences. In an organization, the application of diversity and inclusion may be so diffuse and ambiguous that it is difficult to notice at times whether an issue has D&I implications or not. For instance, assigning people to subsidiaries in certain geographical areas (specially for a multinational organization) on the basis of their ethnicity may be a sensible thing to do from the viewpoint of the organization, but it may be judgmental from the view point of the individual who may not want to be designated there. The very fact that makes people subjects of D&I also in a way reinforces differences among groups and works against their full inclusion. Discuss the impact of diversity on individual and organizational effectiveness.   Discuss some of the tools necessary to lead, direct, and build inclusive organizations. Diversity and inclusion is a source of strategic advantage for an organization; this has been mentioned in all the readings and finds no strong opposition in any of the opinions and reactions discussed in this forum. As to whether or not the advantage is properly optimized or explored is another matter. The inclusion of diverse people in an organization does not automatically ensure individual and organizational effectiveness. As has been voiced in this forum, some organizations merely pay lip service to D&I without imbibing the essence of it. As is true for all individuals, if the organization capably harmonizes p ersonal goals with organizational goals, then the creativity and industry possessed by the individuals in the workforce shall be engaged, and the benefits of diversity realized. Diversity in this case, however, need not be along racial, gender, cultural, or any category identified as being D&I. It may be the skills and knowledge possessed by individuals because of their education, personal interests,

Lawn Care Case Essay Example for Free

Lawn Care Case Essay 1) A) Currently Lawn Care focuses on quality and innovation. Their product is said to be the best available with the highest quality grass seed and fertilizer in the world. They are also a very well known company which is another competitive advantage. They specialize in providing the best and quickly delivering the product to the customer demanding the product. B) The company perceives the quality of their products, and their direct delivery to be the order winner for the company. They provide what is expected, in terms of high quality seed and fertilizer, making this also an order qualifier. Another company, such as their competitor may consider the installation they proved to be the order winner, in that it sets them apart from their competition. C) CBP 2) A) Lawn Cares competitor’s current strategic mission is to provide a bundle package. Their competitive advantage is that they also install the product. They save the customer time, and create convenience for the customer because they do not have to find and contact and plan with a third party to have the work done. B) The competitor perceives the need for seed, fertilizer, and sod as the order qualifier, and the installation and additional yard work they provide as the order winner because it sets them apart from their competition, Lawn Care. 3) If Lawn Care were to add the application business to their existing business they would need to secure more employees. They would need employees who have experience in landscaping and are able to do the physical labor. This could take months to find and train the new employees. They would also need to purchase equipment such as lawn mowers, trucks, trailers, etc. to  assist in the application side of the business. This would involve using some of their assets to purchase and later on repair and manage upkeep, but they would achieve a gain in capital equipment assets. Lawn Care would also have to use additional resources to market their new service bundle. The addition of installation would not do the company any good if nobody knew they were now offering the service. It may be beneficial to the company if they contacted previous customers as well to tell them of the changes and see if they need any more work done. Changing advertisements and adding new advertisements and promoti ons would also take months, but would benefit the company in the long run. 4) Lawn Care would have to consider how the community and previous customers would react to the changes and whether they would find the change beneficial and take advantage of the new services offered. Stakeholders would be affected as well with the relocation of assets and the risks being taken by Lawn Care to add such a substantial portion to their business. The changes and how they will effect stock in the company is an important economic sustainability factor for the company to consider. The company was accused of pollution and other damage application mistakes before implementing this new service bundle. The company should consider environmental sustainability and because they would have more control of the application process than they did previously they will need to be more aware of how they are affecting the environment and what they can do to prevent any future claims against them. The company should also determine how they will market the product and how this will affect social sustainability. What can they do to make everyone aware of the products and gain back any customers they lost to their competition before offering the service? Lawn Care needs to consider how sustainable the service will be and make sure that it will be a lasting effort before purchasing the new equipment and implementing new processes.

Racial Formation Categories Essay Example for Free

Racial Formation Categories Essay Answer the following questions in 150 to 350 words each: Throughout most of U.S. history in most locations, what race has been the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? The white race has been the majority race in most locations throughout history in the United States. It is still the majority race in this country today. Most members of this group share German ancestry. The second is Irish and the third is English. This makes sense to me because it seems like most of the time when you ask what country someones ancestors came from they usually say German, Irish, or both. At least for me those are the answers I have got the most from people. Some regions of the United States have higher Italian American populations such as the North Eastern region. As far as I know, I am 100% English. What are some of the larger racial minorities in U.S. history? What have been the common ancestral backgrounds of each of these groups? When did each become a significant or notable minority group? In what ways have laws been used to enforce discrimination? Provide examples. These laws were intended against which racial minorities? In what ways have laws been used to eliminate discrimination? Provide examples. Did the laws work to eliminate discrimination?

Importance of Community Health Workers

Importance of Community Health Workers DEFINING THE PROBLEM Community Health Workers have been used in several countries dating back about 60 years ago, to address the gap experienced by the underserved members of these communities, with issues of access to health care. More importantly in Low and middle-income countries, Community Health Workers have particularly been helpful in reducing the impact of the shortage of skilled health workers. Community Health Workers can make valuable contributions to healthcare especially in the delivery of basic health care; however, across countries and individual programs there are varying and inconsistently established approaches on how they are recruited, trained, monitored, incentivized, as well as the roles and activities they perform. The lack of a standard structure globally and in CMMB countries creates several divisions of Community Health Workers, which may lead to poor monitoring, increased attrition, poor planning, budgeting and sustainable financing. The Effect on Women and Children Several programs have reported a high attrition rate which has led to the breakdown of the programs and is mostly due to problems with how these Programmes are structured or maintained. The initial purpose for which the CHW was set up was to link the communities with the formal health system, if the system fails, the underserved especially the vulnerable populations (women and children), in absence of quality health care are at risk of poorer health outcomes. BACKGROUND. Community health workers are adjunct health workers with a myriad of appellations across countries. According to WHO, they should be members of the community, selected by the community, trained and work within the community, answerable to the community, they should be supported by the health system but not necessary being a part of it, and have a shorter course of training than other professional workers. Although they function more at the peripheral of the health system, and their duties widely vary across countries and programs, their roles in the delivery of basic health care can not be overemphasized. In some countries, they also perform the role of record keeping. Over the years, the use of CHWs has gained prominence, with several countries adopting the trend to mitigate the growing proportion of infectious diseases and a shortage of health workers, migrating for green pasture, however, not all CHW programs follow the WHOs definition of CHW. In CMMB countries, the approach is also different across the in the individual countries. RECRUITMENT, TRAINING, AND INCENTIVES In Peru, the Ministry of health has specific regulations on how the CHWs program should be structured. CHWs in Peru are usually volunteers, they could receive incentives but they do not have contracts or salaries. They are appointed by the community organization at the general assembly or the social grassroots organization to which the community health agent belongs. There is variation in the duration of training the CHWs to receive in Peru. In South Sudan, there are no specific regulations in terms of services, CHW could receive incentives and could also be employed. They are trained in Basic health care service for 6 months whereas, in Zambia, the Implementing partners have different policies for training, recruitment, remuneration, and incentives for CHWs. Programs funded and managed by implementing partners are typically on contracts of two-to-five year but their remuneration and incentives vary across programs. The training also varies between 2-11 weeks depending on if it is af filiated with government health facility or an NGO and the Ministry of healths CHW handbook, 2005 is used as a guideline. ROLES AND ACTIVITIES Several kinds of literature have grouped the CHWs as being either generalist or specialist in the way they are trained or work. Generalist perform a wide range of functions while the specialist has a program specific focus. In the CMMB countries, the CHWs are more generalist than they are a specialist or obscured in between. They are generally involved in implementing promotive and preventive health activities especially in providing family planning and immunization. In south Sudan, CHWs perform addition roles of supporting primary health care units as health staff to clerk patients and also work in the pharmacy. They follow up pregnant women receiving ART while in Zambia, CHWS, also provide basic curative services and refer cases if complicated, they performfollow-up care including home visits for patients with TB, AIDS, pregnant and postnatal mothers, tracing for malnourished children. Most literature about CHWs and what they do, agree that they are important in improving access to care especially in areas where they are most needed. However, it is important to consider the local context where the CHW program will operate(culture, language, social norms, and values etc.) for the program to excel. The mode of selection of the CHWs, duration of training as well as the roles the CHWs would be performing should also be considered and possibly be unified across programs. In order to extrinsically motivate CHWs, it is important to also Incentivize them and a mechanism for monitoring and evaluating their activities would help assess problems in the program and health care delivery. APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGIES In order to encourage behavioral change and improve the quality of health care using CHWs, CMMB will be focusing on theses 3 approaches which have been applied in public health and have improved health outcomes: Positive deviance approach, Integrated community case management approach and make me a change agent approach. Positive Deviance: This is an approach based on the belief that unusual behavioral practices in communities among few members of the community who are called the positive deviants, help them find a better solution to problems and improve their outcomes compared other members of the same community that share similar exposures and resources, but poorer outcomes. The positive deviance is based on the principles that: (Pascale, Sternin, Sternin ,2010) Communities possess the solutions and expertise to solve their own problems. Communities are self-organizing and possess the human resources with necessary assets to solve community problems. communities have a Collective intelligence which is evenly distributed and is not dependent on the leadership of a community alone or in external experts.This collective intelligence is what the approach aim to draw out and capitalize on to solve community problems. The bedrock of the approach is sustainability. The community is encouraged to observe and develop sustainable solutions based on observed positive deviants within the community. Practicing encourages behavior change. This approach has been used successfully in communities in the management of malnutrition and has contributed immensely to reducing the burden of malnutrition in communities where it is being practiced. The community health and families after an observation made by a positive deviant inquiry, practice better ways to cook their food with a particular interest in quality, feeding, and hygiene when managing malnourished children using local resources and technologies. It is a proactive measure; harnessing the strength, knowledge, human resources locally available within the community to solve their community health problems. This approach ensures fast, sustainable, affordable, culturally acceptable solutions to solve community health problems and it also encourages local participation. Integrated community case management: This approach was adopted by WHO and UNICEF. The ICCM has been piloted in many underserved countries, where there is a major gap in access to care. The aim is to bring health care closer to the doorstep of these population and strategically increasing coverage of treatment using Community health workers who are appropriately trained, supervised and monitored. The CHWs are adequately supported with medical supplies. They are trained to identify, promptly and correctly manage or refer cases of common community diseases like malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea and malnutrition in children under 5 years. ICCM uses interventions that are evidence based and it focuses on diagnosis, the community health workers are trained to make a quick diagnosis using portable diagnostic tools and appropriate treatment. common interventions used are antibiotics for dysentery and pneumonia, ORT for diarrheal diseases, antimalaria for malaria, nutritional rehabilitation for malnutrition. The approach employs the use of CHWs who are members of the community and perform their duties either from their homes or selected community building, which is easily accessible to members of the community. Using CHWs from the community encourages trust and sustainability. Make me a change agent: To effectively improve the quality of health by encouraging behavior change, this approach which is used multi-sectorally will help the CHWs to become an effective change agent by developing their skills of effective communication, showing empathy, individual counseling. It also teaches the approach of using their individual testimonies and storytelling ability to encourage health behavioral change. CHWs after acquiring skills from health training, have to effectively communicate their training to the community which is critically important in encouraging the patient to adhere to treatment and adopt preventive health behaviors. The CHWs are engaged in several activities that include role playing to help them understand the importance of respecting patient, good communication, active listening during conversations. There are several barriers that mitigate against behavioral change, the ability to circumvent these barriers would help the CHWs reach their target population and help them make them make the right behavior change. In order to effectively do this, the CHWs needs to be able to put themselves in the perspective of their audience, sharing their experiences which help foster a personal relationship and makes the change easier to communicate. The approach also emphasizes the importance of storytelling and the use of individual testimonies to promote a particular health behavior by changing preformed misperceptions about the particular health behavior. The testimonials offer the audience the chance to appreciate changes made by someone else who is not different from them, who has had a positive result. These approach as a skill for encouraging behavioral change is easily remembered, the audience can relate to the story and have a pictural understanding of what the change is about. Moreso, it can be a source of external motivation to encourage change. INTERVENTIONS: The growing adoption of community health workers as part of the health system as a means to reach the underserved communities is met with the need to understand how to implement a sustainable CHW program in different countries across different programs. As field workers in underserved communities, we would also be employing the services of the CHWs in executing our goals. An effective process for managing (recruitment, training, supervision and support, Incentives) community health workers will help sustain the program. RECRUITMENT: Recruiting community health workers is dependent on the proposed health need they are supposed to meet. Some ministries of health have an established protocol for recruiting health workers. It is important to note that to sustain the program, several papers as well as WHO has suggested that community health workers should be selected by and from the community they are to work in. However, the primary criteria in selecting CHWs is that they should be members of the community they serve. This to harness the establish connections within the individual members of the community and the individual interest of the health worker towards the community. The recruitment process may require the use of different social structures or organization within the communities like the clinics, community-based organizations e.g market women association, religious organizations, the ruling council, other CHWs etc. as sources of referral for the appointment of community members into several CHWs position. Recruitment should be formal, individuals should follow a process of recommendation, interview, and screening. General characteristics of CHWs vary across countries and programs. Literacy is an important criterion for recruiting a CHW. Although not all programs require their CHWs to have any form of education, most programs require a primary level of education while some require a higher level of education. The least literacy level should be required; however, the higher the level of education the more preferable the CHW. The gender of the CHW should meet the cultural norm especially in places where there are limited interactions between males and females. The age of CHWs differ across programs but ranges from 20 45years. Finally, marriage status is an encouraging criterion for selection. CHWs with a married status are more likely to remain in the society for a longer period of time than those that are single. TRAINING The Success and quality of a CHWs program also depend on the process of training and continuous assessment of training. Training program varies across programs which depend on the length, depth, element, approach and authority. In some countries, a manual for training of CHWs have been developed; where necessary, it should be employed. The length of training varies across programs and it is based on the services the community health worker would be rendering. It could be from days to weeks to years; however, it is important to space the training so that the CHW can have time in between training to have an in-depth review of the material. A process of a continuous training after the initial training can help improve the performance of CHWs through supervision and adding additional knowledge to the CHW. The use of an interactive, skilled based setting that encourages participation should be employed as a style for training considering the varying educational background among the CHWs. The training material could be categorized into three major topics: skilled- based knowledge, relevant health knowledge, and research implementation knowledge. Training authority may vary, although WHO prefers the government of the countries to be involved in the training but more experienced CHWs, nurses and doctors can be part of the training team. SUPERVISION AND SUPPORT Long term sustainability of health programs involves active supervision and mentorship of the CHWs.The supervisors also provide support to CHWs. In most cases, the supervisor will be provided by the programs main authority. They are usually of different professional backgrounds but have an understanding of the program, the roles of the CHWs and the aim of the program. They evaluate the performance of the CHWs, define their roles and expectations and also answer questions raised by the CHWs. The frequency of supervision which is variable across programs depends on the target goal of the program, the available funds e.tc. Supervision as a general term could be practice in different styles and approaches. Group supervision involves a group of CHWs with a supervisor and has been implemented in many programs. Community supervision is another approach for CHWs. The innovative approach involves communitys participation by providing feedback and guidance to CHWs and their supervisors. Other methods that can be used are the peer supervision, clinical mentoring and mobile electronic devices. It is also important to note that the supervisors also needs to be actively supported by the programs main authority by providing material support e.g medical supplies, transportation etc. supporting the supervisors will help them perform their functions regularly. INCENTIVES The incentives for CHWs is one of the most controversial topics but it plays a significant role as it has been shown to be associated with CHWs performance, motivation and retention. many studies have debated on how compensations should be structured for the most effective way to incentivize CHWs. There are two categories of CHWs: the Volunteers and Full-time employees. Some countries have a process for how the community health workers should be paid based on the type of appointment and who employs them. CHWs employed by the government on a full-time basis are on paid salaries while most, especially the volunteers are given either monetary or non-monetary incentive; however, it is important to recognize that an opportunity for career advancement in this field can be an incentive. Full-time CHWS are comparatively rare to the part-time CHWs because of the financial implication on programs. A small amount of incentive is more commonly implemented in community-based programs. common monetary incentives are small monetary compensation for their time and transportation subsidies. How much monetary incentive is enough is unknown but it is important to give the CHWs some monetary incentives. The non-monetary incentive is also common. CHWs could get meals during training, bicycles for transportation, umbrellas etc. like the monetary incentive, there are no rules on how the authorities should incentivize their CHWs, or what item will effectively attract CHWs and motivate them. ROLES AND ACTIVITIES IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH The CHWs globally have been very effective in improving maternal and child health as well as reducing mortality especially in low-income countries. Their function varies across countries and programs; while in some countries, it is just preventive, in others it also involves diagnosis and treatment. The table below highlights how and areas where CHWs can work effectively to promote maternal and child health. PREVENTION DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT OBSTETRIC CARE Anemia *Nutrition Supplement, *Routine Haematinics Nutrition Supplement HIV *HIV Counseling *Distribution of condom Routine Followup on PMTCT Malaria *Distribution of Insecticide-treated net *Prevent therapy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine Rapid Diagnostic kit Antimalaria Obstetric Care Routine Tetanus toxiod Routine ANC Visit Post partum care PPH *Breast feeding counselling *Distribution of misoprostol at home births. GYNAECOLOGICAL CARE Family planning *Use of contraceptive PEDIATRIC CARE Diarrhea *Health education on handwashing, food preparation and packaging ORS Zinc supplement Malaria *Distribution of Insecticide-treated net Rapid Diagnostic kit Anitmalaria Antipyretics Pneumonia Antibiotics Malnutrition *Breast feeding Education *Growth monitoring Nutrition supplement Routine Immunization of Children INFECTIOUS DISEASES Tuberculosis Direct observation of tuberculosis treatment CHWs roles and activites are not limited to the above, there are also actively involved in diseases surveillance, home visits, record keeping, community health education, monitoring people with chronic diseases e.g hypertension , diabeties. INTEGRATION INTO CMMB PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS References: Pascale, Sternin, Sternin. (2010) The Power of Positive Deviance: How Unlikely Innovators Solve the Worlds Toughest Problems. Harvard Business Press. Print.

Homers Bio :: Essays Papers

Homers Bio Biography of Homer (?-? BC) Beyond a few fragments of information, historians and classicists can only speculate about the life of the man who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey. The details are few. We do not even know the century in which he lived, and it is difficult to say with absolute certainty that the same poet composed both works. The Greeks attributed both of the epics to the same man, and we have little hard evidence that would make us doubt the ancient authorities, but uncertainty is a constant feature of scholarly work dealing with Homer's era of Greek history. The Greeks hailed him as their greatest poet, as well as their first. Although the Greeks recognized other poets who composed in Greek before Homer, no texts from these earlier poets survived. Perhaps they were lost, or perhaps they were never written down†¹Homer himself was probably on the cusp between the tradition of oral poetry and the new invention of written language. Texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey existed from at least the sixth century BC, and probably for a considerable span of time before that. These two great epic poems also had a life in performance: through the centuries, professional artists made their living by reciting Homer, performing the great epics for audiences that often know great parts of the poem by heart. It is impossible to pin down with any certainty when Homer lived. Eratosthenes gives the traditional date of 1184 BC for the end of the Trojan War, the semi-mythical event which forms the basis for the Iliad. The great Greek historian Herodotus put the date at 1250 BC. These dates were arrived at in a very approximate manner; Greek historians usually used genealogy and estimation when trying to find the dates for events in the distant past. But Greek historians were far less certain about the dates for Homer's life. Some said he was a contemporary of the events of the Iliad, while others placed him sixty or a hundred or several hundred years afterward. Herodotus estimated that Homer lived and wrote in the ninth century BC. He almost certainly lived in one of the Greek city-states in Asia Minor. All of the traditional sources say that he was blind. Over the course of millennia of scholarly speculation, prevailing theories about Homer and his relationship to his work have had time to change and change again.

The Effects Of The Various States Of Consciousness On Behavior Essay

Consciousness is the state or condition of being conscious. A sense of one's personal or collective identity, especially the complex of attitudes, beliefs, and sensitivities held by or considered characteristic of an individual or a group. There are several different stages of consciousness. Waking consciousness, altered states of consciousness and sleep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waking consciousness is the mental state that includes moving and thinking, along with anything else done while we are awake and alert. Behavior during this period is as normal as it can be. Although behavior can differ from person to person, although most people go through the relatively same behavioral patterns. While awake, people go through feelings of happiness, depression, anger, and boredom, to name a few. These feelings can cause people to do different things and act differently than normal. For instance, happiness, caused by having something give them pleasure in some way, can cause people to smile more or be more kind to other people, like doing other things for people just to be nice, or giving presents and gifts to people. Depression is caused by bad, non-pleasurable things happening to you. While depressed, people may become distanced from their family and friends, not want to interact with other people, and even, in severe cases, hurt themselves and/or others, and even commit suicide. Many things cause anger and aggression also. They can be caused by the interaction with other people like family and peers, but also frustration, hot weather, physical pain, and even noise. While angry pe ople may act overly aggressive, lash out at others, even loved ones, and also commit violent acts. Being bored can also cause people to act differently. While bored people may do things like act and think hastily and also commit crimes in hopes of satisfying their urge for fun and pleasure. All these feelings have different causes but most include interaction with people, television and different chemical balances and imbalances within the a person’s body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another type of consciousness is altered consciousness. There are many different types of altered consciousness. Daydreaming is one form of this type of consciousness. Daydreaming is when, due to boredom or mental fatigue, a person enters a dream-like state while awake. While not necessarily ba... ...rcoleptic are persistently tired and fatigued and experience loss of muscle tone. This loss of muscle tone can cause brief paralysis of functions and even for a standing person to fall to the ground. This disorder can effect a person’s behavior negatively because of the difficulty in conducting everyday activities with the fear of possibly losing consciousness or falling and getting severely injured. It is also harder to lead a normal sex life because the sudden sleep and loss of muscle tone can cause a person to become embarrassed to be close to someone or a person to be frustrated with their partners disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the three states of consciousness can effect behavior in many different ways, whether it be positive or negative. Behavior is an important part of life although getting enough sleep and avoiding drug abuse can help, there are different things that can also effect people’s behavior in waking consciousness. Relationships with other people like friends and family can make a person have a lot of feelings like anger and happiness, and even television can also effect a person’s behavior by violent show’s making people more aggressive.

Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway :: Woolf Mrs. Dalloway Essays

Mrs. Dalloway Selection: "How many million times she had seen her face, and always with the same imperceptible contraction! She pursed her lips when she looked in the glass. It was to give her face point. That was her self-pointed; dartlike; definite. That was her self when some effort, some call on her to be her self, drew the parts together, she alone knew how different, how incompatible and composed so for the world only into one centre, one diamond, one woman who sat in her drawing-room and made a meeting-point, a radiancy no doubt in some dull lives, a refuge for the lonely to come to, perhaps; she had helped young people, who were grateful to her; had tried to be the same always, never showing a sign of all the other sides of her-faults, jealousies, vanities, suspicions, like this of Lady Bruton not asking her to lunch; which, she thought (combing her hair finally), is utterly base! Now, where was her dress?" (37). Discussion: The 'diamond' metaphor in the preceding passage is striking and fresh. A diamond is clear but not transparent; it attracts light, yet reflects and refracts it. The diamond possesses many sides but is organic, one whole thing. When Clarissa is 'in the world,' she draws "the parts (of herself) together," she is whole and unified but doesn't show "the other sides of her," as though the social side of Clarissa takes precedence; all others are part of her being but the side she presents to the world best represents the whole. Amazingly, she is aware of this process and one gets the feeling that Clarissa feels that this one-pointed unification represents her at her best, her strongest, and her most real. The diamond is a metaphor for a certain type of human consciousness. The diamond and it's qualities of clarity and many-sided wholeness are alluded to in several places in Mrs. Dalloway. Peter Walsh talks of his own life in terms of holding something in his hand: "The compensation of growing old...[is that] one has gained...the power of taking hold of experience, of turning it round, slowly, in the light" (79); This quote speaks of both satisfaction and detachment.

Nurse Anesthetists Essay

In a career in nursing, one must possess a need to help people, as well as the scientific and educational knowledge to perform the duties required. As I complete the final years of my high school education, I realize that I must focus on my goals and interests in order to make intelligent college curriculum decisions. I have always been considering a career in health, but the opportunities and diversification in the health field have perplexed me. I have always thought the job of a nurse anesthetist was extremely interesting, and it would be a great way to contribute to helping the lives of others. In the United States, a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) is simply an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) who has acquired graduate-level education and board certification in anesthesia and they are the oldest nurse specialty group in the U. S. However, their job isn’t that simple. Anesthesia describes drugs and gases that help to block sensation, and they keep patients unconscious while in surgery. The main goal of the CRNA (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist), which is extremely important, is to have the patient awake free of pain. CRNAs, or Nurse Anesthetists, are responsible for administering, supervising, and monitoring anesthesia related care for those patients undergoing surgical procedures. Before the surgery, the CRNA obtains information regarding the patient’s medical history, evaluates the patient’s anesthesia needs, and develops a treatment plan with the goal of a risk-free and uncomplicated surgery. CRNA then explains the planned procedure to the patient, and answers any question that they may have. However, there are big steps that you have to take to become a CRNA. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), here is what you need to do to become a nurse anesthetist. All would-be nurse anesthetists must have an active registered nurse (RN) license, which requires a minimum of two years of study. Applicants to nurse anesthetist programs should have at least one year of work experience as an RN working in acute care, such as an intensive care unit. Once admitted to the Anesthesia program, the registered nurse must complete twenty-four to thirty-six months of classroom and clinical experience. A bachelor’s degree is the minimum required educational credential for certification as a nurse anesthetist. Many training programs are structured as master’s degree programs, which always require a bachelor’s degree. Accredited Training Programs is the most important requirement to become a nurse anesthetist. Different programs have different specific requirements for application. Upon completion of the training program, prospective nurse anesthetists need to pass the certification examination offered by the Counsel on Certification of Nurse Anesthetists, and then maintain certification by regularly taking continuing educational units. Nurse anesthetists must obtain the appropriate licenses to practice in their state by contacting the state board of nursing for more information.

Favourite Place

Question no. 2 As we all know that everyone has their own favorite place which they want to go. The place is whether in our own country or overseas. Before travelling they need to have some preparation in term of financial. Some people like to travel from their country to other country or overseas, they need to have some preparation on their financial because the budget is not very cheap. While others who like to travel locally they no need to worry about the budget because it is cheaper than travelling overseas.Most of the people like to travel overseas because they want to survey their place, their lifestyle, and their society. For me, I prefer Bintulu as my favorite place because I like their environment. Even though they Bintulu is smaller when compare to other city but people who live in Bintulu is very polite and friendly. I have a lot of friend in Bintulu which I wish to meet up with them and hang out together.Due to the increasing population in Bintulu the minister of Bintulu are trying the best to increase the facilities such as hospital, shopping mall, Wi-Fi area and public telephone. The government is built cafe shop and shopping mall near to the housing estate. As the result, these facilities can help the society the better way of living and it’s easier for them to walk to the cafe shop or shopping mall. Besides, in Bintulu the environment is very clean. Other than that, the security in Bintulu is very reliable because the police done their duty.I also want to visit their beach which nearer to the Centre of the city. The beach is very beautiful and many people have their family vacation there. Other than that, while visiting, the visitor have the chance to drink sweet coconut. As a conclusion, this is the reason why Bintulu is my favorite place. Other than the facilities, security, society and environment which are clean, safe and enjoyable. Bintulu can also know as my second home because I feel safe and comfortable. I would like to visit my friend in Bintulu.

Whole Foods Value Chain

Team O Financial Performance Analysis of the financial performance Team O through periods 0-4, highlights the company performance scorecard, market share, brand contribution, the overall performance of the brand and the brands position in the BCG matrix. The two brands are SOLD and SONO and at the end of period 0, SOLD has 11. 9% market share and SONO has 5. 6%, SOLD has the largest market share In High Earners at 29. 9% and Pros at 19. 5%. SONO’s highest market share is in Buffs at 16. 2% and has 42. 4% in specialty stores, 39. % in department stores and 25. 2% in mass merchandisers. SONO was 42. 5% in specialty stores, 38. 1% in department stores and 24. 1% in mass merchandisers. Period O the market capitalization was 276,287 with a net contribution of 13,644. In period 1, SOLD has slightly decreased to 11. 8% while SONO’s overall market share grew to 6. 5%. SOLD’s High Earners decreased to 27. 6% while Pros increased to 21. 6%. SONO significantly increased in Buffs to 25. 6% as the goal for SONO is to become a cash cow in Buffs and withdraw from other markets.SOLD is focusing on High Earners and Pros to steadily increase market share while the market capitalization increases to 322,185. The net contribution for period 1 totaled 21,089 and the stock index rose to 1,166. The distribution coverage in period 1 was more wide spread as each brand had an overall mean of 34. 6%. In period 1, what was most successful for Team O was SONO and the increase in Buffs market share percentage. Period 2 The overall market share for Team O decreased to 11. 4% and 6. 3% for SOLD and SONO. However, team O captured the highest overall market share at 21. % over competitors. In SOLDs most important markets of High Earners and Pros there was a decrease to 23% and an increase to 24%. SOLD also has an increase in Buffs at 8% which the brand SONO continues to increase market share to 31% and remain non-existent in the other markets. The market capitalization rose to 363,906 ranking 3rd among competitors in the stock market. The company performance key indicators show team O with the largest number of retail sales each period. Team O in period 2 has a steady increase in the Buffs and is continuing to be a cash cow in the Buffs.Period 3 Market share for SOLD dramatically increased as efforts were set on increasing High Earners and spreading to gain market share in all markets. Buffs increased to 12. 8%, Singles increased to 4. 6%, Pros decreased to 17% and High Earners increased to 29. 6%. Resulting in an increase in net contribution to 38,594 and market capitalization at 434,919 gives Team O the highest stock index at 1,574 ranking first among its competitors. SONO continued to increase its market share in the Buffs at 37. 6% and becoming a cash cow.Success in period 3 is contributed to the diversification of SOLD increasing overall sales much greater than a steady increase in one or two market segments. Period 4 The overall market share for SOLD decreased as the decision to enter the Vodite market was made. SOLD’s Pros was significantly reduced to 6. 7%, High Earners to 23. 5%, Buffs 9. 1%, Singles 2. 3%. SONO continued to grow at 40. 1% in Buffs. Team O has expanded with VOLT to the vodite market capturing 100% of the Innovators, Adapters and Followers.The ability to do this was beneficial as no loan was incurred to cover the costs of a new product. The financial performance of Team O shows significant potential and establishing the market dominance with SONO in Buffs as well as being the first to enter the Vodite Market creating brand loyalty and capturing significant sales. SOLD continues to be a successful brand and contributes the majority of retail sales to Team O. Evaluating the BCG matrix SONO has become a cash cow, SOLD becomes a question mark and VOLT remains a question mark with high potential.

Evaluate factors that influenced the effectiveness of each interaction Essay

In this piece of coursework I will be analysing and evaluating the factors that influence the effectiveness of each interaction in relation to the one to one set at a GP’s for a patient that has really bad back pains and is complaining about how sharp the pain is. I based the one to one interaction on a patient with back problems and they’ve come to the GP’s for something to be given to them. I thought of this because it’s something I went through and I thought it would be nice to let people know what process I went through and how hard it was. The first factor, I thought that influenced the one to one interaction was the patient and doctor taking turns while talking and not interrupting. Turn taking is a major factor that involves our everyday lifestyle and it’s helpful because you know you will get a turn at having your own say. Turn taking helps out a lot especially if you are with younger children or at a GP. For example, the patient came to her doctor and she told her doctor what was wrong with her and how much she’s in pain, the doctor listened to her while she was talking and didn’t ask questions until she finished talking then, the doctor answered all her questions and asked her own questions trying to figure out what was wrong about that patient and what actions will need to be taken for the patient to feel better. Towards the end the doctor referred the patient to her local hospital for an x-ray to see what’s going on. What’s good about turn taking is that everyone listens to each other and you don’t get interrupted also you know you’ll have enough time to talk while others have a chance to think about questions to ask you. The second factor I realised that influenced the one to one interaction was listening. Listening is letting people talk and you concentrating on just what they are saying, listening is a very important communication skill because if you don’t listen you may misunderstand something which may leads you to thinking differently and feeling insecure. Read more: Describe factors which may influence children’s development essay Listening was one factor that influenced the one to one interaction because if one of us didn’t listen while the other person was talking we may have not heard what they were saying or concentrated enough to understand what they were saying which can lead to giving wrong answers which could be a problem to the persons health that’s why when others are talking you always have to listen. For example, in the one to one interaction Emily was my partner and she helped me concentrate listening to  her because little things distract me easily so I had to make sure I listened to her also, we had our script which was used as a prop if we missed out something we carried on listening to each other while looking at what was said to not give the wrong answer. We listened to each other because we knew how important listening is and we were successful at getting through the one to one interaction without not knowing what was going on because we listened to each other. The third factor that also had an influence on the one to one interaction was respect towards each other. Respecting each other shows you give them pride and you are happy about what they are saying or doing also, respect comes from learning to care about people from older ages because we have to respect people to get along with life if we don’t respect then there could be consequences. Respect is very important because we all have to respect everyone no matter what their race, gender, age or features are we have to because we live in a society that moves with respect. For example, if we didn’t respect the army that looks after the country for losing their lives to make the world a much happier place and for us to be safe then that will be a major consequence because what’s the point of those people dying for us if we can’t have a little respect for them. The reason why I thought respect had a influence in the one to one interaction was because if we didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t respect each other we wouldn’t have been able to understand each other and we wouldn’t have been able to do the doctor and patient script because a doctor always has to respect their patients no matter what happens they have to so does the patient too. An example of this would be, when the patient walked into the room I felt the respect from the patient by the way they answered me and facial expressions. This had a big impact on the interaction because it made it less awkward to talk with the patient and not only was the patient comfortable with asking questions to do with her illness but as a doctor being able to have enough respect from a patient to ask them what areas of the back hurts and being able to have a look at the patients back to check what’s wrong. The last factor that had an influence on the interaction was how professional I was. Being professional can be difficult because if you’ve always been in an environment that’s unprofessional and you don’t know where to use what language that can be an issue. So being professional was key in this interaction because I was a person that had a reputation,  that had power to help people and look after them. If I didn’t act professional the patient could have not taken me serious but I did. The reason why being professional was an influence in the interaction because I realised the more professional you are no matter where you are you will always be looked up to and that’s why I thought it was an influence because it made the patient feel secure with me, it made the patient understand no matter what happens I will always be supporting the patient which would make both of us happy. For example, the minute the patient knocked on the door I dropped everything I was doing and stood up and shock the hand then I made the patient feel welcomed and asked how they were then they started explaining what the problem was and the actions I was doing showed I was professional.

Does the mixture of debt and equity in a firms financial structure Essay - 1

Does the mixture of debt and equity in a firms financial structure matter why - Essay Example There must be a certain proportion of debt and equity in the balance sheet of a company. Variation in the debt and equity ratio of the firm can be seen at the arrival of a firm’s tangible assets and the reduction of its intangible asset. A company with large amount of purchased goodwill forms heavy acquisition activities which may end up with forming a negative equity position for the company. Suppose a firm has a long term debt of $3000 and the value of its assets is $12,000, its debt to equity ratio is 0.25. This ratio indicates that the firm’s 25 percent assets have been financed through debt. If a company debt to equity ratio is greater than one, this means that majority of the firm’s assets have been financed by debt and therefore there are increased chances of bankruptcy. Such firms are considered riskier in terms of investment in the sight of investors and financial institutions. A company with a balanced debt to equity ratio is considered healthy in the eyes of the investors and lenders. The mixture of debt and equity is considered to be important with respect to the firm’s financial structure as it is used as a standard for judging the financial performances of companies. It measures the ability of the firm to be able to repay its debt or not. If the debt to equity ratio of a firm is increasing this indicates that the firm’s assets are rapidly being financed by the debt rather than the company’s own finances. The lenders and investors would rather give preference to companies with low debt to equity ratio because their interest would be better protected in the case of business decline. Therefore the companies with low financial leverage ratio are able to attract more investors (Debt-to-Equity Ratio). The optimal financial leverage ratio is 1. This means that all the long term liabilities of a company are equal to its assets. This ratio may vary from industry to industry, as it also

Financial Management assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Management assignment 1 - Essay Example Long-term lenders will also be interested on the long-term profitability of the organization. Stockholders will be interested on shareholder ratios like return on equity, earnings per share, and dividend yield. These ratios became the sole measure of the profitability of the stock. Stockholders also look at the company's leverage through its debt to assets and debt to equity ratios. Companies which are highly dependent on debt faces higher risks. Question 5. a. Monthly Schedule of Cash Receipts Cash Receipts for April From Sales (10%) $7,500 Collection March (60%) $42,000 February (30%) $18,000 Total $67,500 Cash Receipts for May From Sales (10%) $9,500 Collection April (60%) $45,000 March (30%) $21,000 Total $75,500 Cash Receipts for June From Sales (10%) $11,000 Collection May (60%) $57,000 April (30%) $22,500 Total $90,500 b. Accounts Receivables at end of June May (30%) $28,500 June (60%) $66,000 Total $94,500 Question 6. A Company (LIFO) Value of Cost of Goods Sold 100 units @ $12 each $1,200 200 units @ $11.50 each $2,300 100 units at $10.50 each $1,050 Total $4,550 Value of Ending Inventory 100 units @ $10 each $1000 100 units @ $10.50 each $1050 Total $2050 Z Company (FIFO) Value of Cost of Goods Sold 100 units @ $10 each $1000 200 units @ $10.50 each $2100 100 units @ $11.50 each $1150 Total $4250 Value of Ending Inventory 100 units @ $11.50 each $1150 100 units @ $12 each $1200 Total $2350 Question 7. Tall Tree Percentage of Sales Table $300,000 Sales Assets Liabilities Cash 5% Accounts Payable (90) 30% Accounts Receivable 30% Notes Payable (30) 10% Inventory 20% Accrued Expenses (7.5) 2.5% Currents Assets 55% Current Liabilities 42.5% Equipments 25% Common Stock (127.5) 42.5% Total

Write about a time when you failed and what did you learn from it Essay

Write about a time when you failed and what did you learn from it - Essay Example The fact that I was going to join a private school in Nashville only made the whole experience more difficult. My parents felt that joining Ensworth would provide me with better education and a safer learning environment. In addition, they felt that the school environment would give me with the opportunity to develop enriching relationships. I wish they were right, but they were not. It subsequently took a whole year for my parents and me to agree that the school was not the ideal environment for me. I spent my entire freshman year at Ensworth trying to fit in the social circles. I discovered that I was working too hard to fit in. This was made difficult by the fact that I did not agree with conforming to different values from those I believed in, just to fit in. I did not know who to trust or relate to. I slowly realized that the students there had developed their friendships over the years, some since kindergarten. This made me an outsider, and on their part, they had difficulty letting in a new person into their groupings. It was then that I started to talk to my parents to transfer me to a public school. My parents were extremely reluctant to entertain this idea. This made me feel like a failure. I was disappointed in myself and I felt trapped. Over a period of time, my parents came to appreciate my predicament. It took long and painful discussions, some fighting, and frantic begging on my part. Eventually, they let me switch schools to Hillsboro High School. Hillsboro High School is a large, independent public school with a very diverse student population. After moving from Ensworth, I no longer had the gourmet lunches. There were no large spacious classrooms and state of the art fitness centers. However, I felt truly happy at Hillsboro. The refreshing burst of diversity and realness became two key principles in finding many friends and ultimately, my self. I quickly loved the feeling of not being judged or criticized for my thoughts and

Personal development and careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal development and careers - Essay Example The last part focuses on barriers to communication and strategies that can be implemented to overcome them. 1. â€Å"Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to an enduring change in behaviour,† (Hucznski & Buchanan, 2010). It can be noted that organisations operate in a dynamic environment which is ever changing hence learning in an organisation is a very important strategy that ought to be implemented in order to overcome the challenges that are often brought about by change. Against this background, this essay seeks to explain this assertion in relation to learning theories. The paper will also outline different elements of learning and how they impact on individuals as well as the organisation as a whole. Basically, the concept of learning was popularized by Peter Senge (1990) who described it as, â€Å"the process whereby people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people continually learn how to learn together through the exchange of ideas,† (Robbins, 2003). ... The ability of the organisation to grow mainly depends on the ability of the employees to generate new ideas which can be developed into feasible strategies that can be implemented in the operations of the organisation. There are mainly two theories of learning namely the behavioural and cognitive theories. Behavioural theory suggests that human behaviour in relation to learning can be explained in terms of external stimuli, responses, learned histories and reinforcement which mean that all human behaviour could therefore be understood in terms of cause and effect (Torrington, Hall & Taylor, 2008). On the other hand, cognitive theory posits to the effect that learning is influenced by mental structures. According to Vygotsky (1978), aspects such as problem solving are influenced by an integration of personal traits such as motivation, cognitive strategies as well as the learner’s ambition to acquire new knowledge in a related subject. In most cases, an individual person is awa re of the reason why he or she is learning hence there is need to positively influence this process for a positive result. Both theories are applicable to learning especially in organisations where it can be noted that people learn through socialisation whereby they interact with their workmates in a bid to exchange ideas and knowledge which is the foundation of learning. There is a close relationship between these two concepts given that they emphasise on the need to transform the organisation for positive growth through changing the behaviour of the employees through the knowledge they will gain from the learning process. The learner will be exposed to a system that will